Asymmetric Polycentric Governance in Tenganan Pegringsingan: Proposing the Indigenous Governance Triad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24922/eot.v13i2.08Keywords:
asymmetric polycentric governance, indigenous governance triad, customary autonomy, Tenganan Pegringsingan, Bali Aga, cultural tourism, institutional theoryAbstract
Tourism in Tenganan Pegringsingan, a Bali Aga village, recorded 1,801 visits in 2021 (a pandemic-affected baseline) and 39,264 in 2024, while customary institutions continued to regulate land, ritual time and tourist access. How local authority units coordinate without tourism-specific formal agreements, and what this implies for polycentric and institutional theory, remains insufficiently explained. This intrinsic qualitative case study draws on fieldwork from January to June 2026, with a follow-up interview in September 2026. Data comprise 21 interviews with 20 informants, participant observation of petambunan sessions and customary ceremonies, and documents, namely the Awig-awig (the village’s written customary constitution), Perarem Number 16 of 2020 and visitor records for 2021–2025. Data were analysed with the interactive model of Miles, Huberman and Saldaña. Eight units coordinate under shared Awig-awig rules and recognise the customary village as the reference authority, a pattern termed asymmetric polycentrism. Attendance was reported to be higher at customary forums than at BUMDes meetings, but this cannot isolate one institutional pillar. Tourism drew on existing cultural assets and was later supported by deliberate organising; concentrated art shop profits and reliance on foreign visitors indicate pressure on inclusive distribution. The study proposes the Indigenous Governance Triad (IGT) as a case-derived proposition and the CALI framework (Cultural Autonomy, Asymmetric Coordination, Legitimacy-Based Compliance, Inclusive Distribution) as a provisional analytical framework. Both need testing in contrasting cases before diagnostic or predictive use. The case refines, rather than refutes, polycentric governance and commons theory.
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