Worldview from Balinese Suicide Notes: A Cultural Forensic Linguistic Perspective

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2026.v16.i01.p05

Keywords:

authenticity, Balinese, cultural discourse, stylistics, suicide notes

Abstract

Bali, which has the highest suicide rate in Indonesia, provides a critical context for examining suicide notes as both cultural texts and forensic evidence. This study examines how Balinese people communicate finality through language and how these styles relate to authenticity. Five suicide notes, written in Balinese and verified by authorities as genuine, were purposively sampled from online news. Using qualitative content analysis within frameworks of Olsson’s Insider and Outsider and Cultural Discourse Analysis, the findings show that authenticity is conveyed indirectly through culturally disciplined language rather than explicit declarations. Finality is predominantly framed through a journey metaphor which reflects Balinese Hindu beliefs. This study contributes to forensic linguistics by demonstrating that authenticity in local suicide notes is inseparable from local cultures and norms.

References

Abaalkhail, A. (2020). An Investigation of Suicide Notes: An ESP Genre Analysis. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 9(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.9n.3p.1

Aditi, I. G. A., Husni, L., Haq, L. M. H., & Sabardi, L. (2023). Reexamination of the Concept of Justice in the Inheritance System: A Study on Women’s Inheritance in the Traditional Society of Bali in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan, 11(3), 602–622. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v11i3.1322

Agestin, L., Aristuti, M. P., & Kartika, D. S. (2025). Bali Krisis Kesehatan Mental: Sebuah Kajian Literatur. Psikodinamika: Jurnal Literasi Psikologi, 5(2), 173–190. https://doi.org/10.36636/psikodinamika.v5i2.7175

Anjani, N. K., & Amritha, Y. D. (2025). Landasan Filosofis Ritual Bhuta Yadnya: Tinjauan Literatur Komprehensif tentang Konsep Keseimbangan dalam Praktik Caru dan Sesajen di Bali. Journal of Innovative & Creativity, 5(3), 31436–31441.

Ariyanti, N. M. P., & Ardhana, I. K. (2020). Dampak Psikologis dari Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga terhadap Perempuan pada Budaya Patriarki di Bali. Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies), 10(1), 283–304. https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2020.v10.i01.p13

Arjawa, I. B. P. (2024). Penerapan Ajaran Catur Guru Dalam Pembentukan Karakter Siswa. Rasividya: Jurnal Pendidikan, 1(1), 13–18.

Arnawa, N., Ngurah Sulibra, I. K., & Suardiana, I. W. (2025). Developing a Dictionary Model for Balinese Speech Levels: A Study Based on Classification Principles and Semantic Feature Analysis. Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies), 15(2), 689–716. https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2025.v15.i02.p10

Arsani, M. (2018). Heboh di Bener Meriah, Suami Gantung Istri Lalu Tulis “Surat Wasiat” Seolah-Olah Istrinya Bunuh Diri. Aceh.Tribunnews.Com. Heboh di Bener Meriah, Suami Gantung Istri Lalu Tulis “Surat Wasiat” Seolah-Olah Istrinya Bunuh Diri Artikel ini telah tayang di SerambiNews.com dengan judul Heboh di Bener Meriah, Suami Gantung Istri Lalu Tulis “Surat Wasiat” Seolah-Olah Istrinya Bunuh Diri, https://aceh.tribunnews.com/2018/03/05/heboh-di-bener-meriah-suami-gantung-istri-lalu-tulis-surat-wasiat-seolah-olah-istrinya-bunuh-diri. Penulis: Muslim Arsani | Editor: Safriadi Syahbuddin

Asih, N. W. D. P., & Lesmana, C. B. J. (2019). Gambaran Dinamika Percobaan Bunuh Diri: Analisis 234 Kasus Periode Tahun 2016-2018 di RSUP Sanglah Denpasar. Medicina, 50(3), 527–530. https://doi.org/10.15562/medicina.v50i3.779

Bali Factual News. (2023, March 8). Sebelum Gantung Diri, Lulus Tinggalkan Sepucuk Surat untuk Wanita Tercinta. Bali Factual News. https://balifactualnews.com/sebelum-gantung-diri-lulus-tinggalkan-sepucuk-surat-untuk-wanita-tercinta/

Bardsley, A. (2022, January 21). “Please forgive me Cass”: Killer wrote fake suicide note after stabbing her own mum to death to cover her sick crimes. Manchester Evening News. https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/please-forgive-cass-killer-wrote-22818364

BASAbali Wiki. (2025). Mejalan. BASAbali Wiki. https://dictionary.basabali.org/Mejalan

Carbaugh, D. (2007). Cultural Discourse Analysis: Communication Practices and Intercultural Encounters. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 36(3), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475750701737090

Davarinejad, O., Khezeli, M., Yarveisi, T., & Moradi, F. (2025). Forced Marriage, Domestic Violence, and Suicidal Ideation among Married Individuals: a Population-based Study from Western Iran. BMC Public Health, 25(1), 3750. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25105-w

detikJabar. (2022). Terbongkarnya Wasiat Palsu “Gue Cape Hidup” PSK Online. Detik.Com. https://www.detik.com/jabar/hukum-dan-kriminal/d-6009023/terbongkarnya-wasiat-palsu-gue-cape-hidup-psk-online

Drisko, J., & Maschi, T. (2015). Content Analysis. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190215491.001.0001

Dutt, P. (2018). The Concept of Swadharma and Effect on Leadership. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3205992

Er, S. T., Demir, E., & Sari, E. (2023). Suicide and Economic Uncertainty: New Findings in a Global Setting. SSM - Population Health, 22, 101387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101387

Fata, I. A., Yusuf, Y. Q., Kamal, R., & Namaziandost, E. (2021). The characteristics of linguistic features enfolded in suicide notes. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(2), 720–735. https://doi.org/10.52462/jlls.50

Gay, M. (2025). Speaking to the self or others? Exploring existential, relational, and narrative identity in suicide notes using thematic and psychodynamic analysis. Death Studies, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2025.2537975

Grundlingh, L. (2020). Arguments in Favour of Authentic and Fabricated Suicide Notes as Indistinguishable Texts. University of South Africa.

Gunarta, I. W. E. (2021, April 29). Pemuda 15 Tahun di Payangan Gianyar Bunuh Diri, Tinggalkan Surat dan Pesan Ini pada Sang Ayah. Tribun Bali. https://bali.tribunnews.com/2021/04/29/pemuda-15-tahun-di-payangan-gianyar-bunuh-diri-tinggalkan-surat-dan-pesan-ini-pada-sang-ayah?page=2

Hasan, H., Hasrat, Wardani, A. K., Daus, R., & Ismi, M. (2025). Mecaru dalam Kebudayaan Bali pada Masyarakat Transmigran Bali di Desa Jati Bali Kecamatan Ranomeeto Barat: Menelusuri Jejak Sejarah Digital 1968-2023. Journal Idea of History, 8(1), 80–89.

Hobart, M. (2019). How Balinese Argue. Jurnal Kajian Bali, 9(1), 1–34.

Ioannou, M., & Debowska, A. (2014). Genuine and simulated suicide notes: An analysis of content. Forensic Science International, 245, 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.10.035

Jain, N., Wijnen, B., Lohumi, I., Chatterjee, S., & Evers, S. M. A. A. (2024). Economic Burden of Suicides and Suicide Attempts in Low- and Middle-income Countries: a Systematic Review of Costing Studies. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 24(9), 1067–1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2024.2388132

Kamajaya, G., & Nugroho, W. B. (2020). Sosiologi Masyarakat Bali: Bali Dulu dan Sekarang. MASA: Journal of History, 2(1), 42–55.

Kardana, I. N. (2022). Metaphors in Balinese Discourse. Proceedings of the 1st Warmadewa International Conference on Science, Technology and Humanity, WICSTH 2021, 7-8 September 2021, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.7-9-2021.2317735

Kardana, I. N., Adi Rajistha, I. G. N., Pratama, A. D. Y., & Satyawati, M. S. (2023). Strategies in Balinese Communication. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 6(11). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i11-18

Kardana, I. N., Adi Rajistha, I. G., & Pratama, A. (2025). Polite Utterances in Balinese. Proceedings of the 3rd Warmadewa International Conference on Science, Technology, and Humanity, WICSTH 2023, 27-28 October 2023, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.27-10-2023.2352824

Kardana, I. N., & Satyawati, M. S. (2019). Strategies to Make Polite Communication in Balinese. Proceedings of the International Conference of Social Science. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-9-2018.2281134

Keller, S., McNeill, V., Honea, J., & Paulson Miller, L. (2019). A Look at Culture and Stigma of Suicide: Textual Analysis of Community Theatre Performances. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030352

Lee, Y., & Joh, G.-H. (2019). Identifying Suicide Notes Using Forensic Linguistics and Machine Learning. LAK Journal, 27(2), 171–191.

Maharani, S., Rangkuti, R., & Manugeren. (2022). The Qualities of Forensic Stylistics enfolded in Suicide Notes. BAHAS, 33(1), 59–67.

Mahastuti, N. M. M., Adhika, I. M., Dwijendra, N. K. A., & Susanta, I. N. (2025). The Analysis of Bale Banjar Shifted Function: Socio-Cultural and Economy Implications in Kuta, Bali . ASTONJADRO, 14(1), 0290–0296.

Media Pelangi. (2021, December 8). Ayah yang Gantung Diri Tinggalkan Surat Wasiat, Isinya Menyentuh. Media Pelangi. https://mediapelangi.com/2021/12/08/ayah-yang-gantung-diri-tinggalkan-surat-wasiat-isinya-menyentuh/#google_vignette

Ningsih, N. K. T. Y. (2024). Hubungan Tingkat Stres dengan Risiko Bunuh Diri pada Mahasiswa Tingkat Akhir Institut Teknologi dan Kesehatan Bali [Undergraduate Thesis]. Institut Teknologi dan Kesehatan Bali.

Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi, M. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali G20 Summit in Online Mass Media: Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

NusaBali. (2025, January 28). Prihatin Tinggginya Angka Bunuh Diri di Bali Ahli Farmasi Bali Gelar Seminar Hipnoterapi. NusaBali.Com. https://www.nusabali.com/berita/195655/prihatin-tinggginya-angka-bunuh-diri-di-bali

Olsson, J. (2008). Forensic Lingustics (2nd ed.). Continuum.

Olsson, J. (2012). Wordcrime: Solving Crime through Forensic Linguistics. Continuum.

Osgood, C. E., & Walker, E. G. (1959). Motivation and language behavior: A content analysis of suicide notes. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59(1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047078

Pampur, M. N. (2025). Angka Bunuh Diri di Bali Paling Tinggi, Penyebabnya Masyarakat Tak Punya Kebiasaan Deep Talk (1). Radarbali.Jawapos.Com. https://radarbali.jawapos.com/features/705940339/angka-bunuh-diri-di-bali-paling-tinggi-penyebabnya-masyaraka-tak-punya-kebiasaan-deep-talk-1?page=2

Pandeyana, I. K. M., & Dharma, I. B. G. R. O. (2024). The Concept Perspective of Karmaphala as The Law of Cause and Effect in The Pillars of Hindu Religious Beliefs. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences, 2(3), 310–320. https://doi.org/10.37329/ijms.v2i3.2333

Parmini, N. P. (2015). Upaya Menuju Kelepasan dalam “Geguritan Yadnya ring Kuruksetra.” Jurnal Kajian Bali, 5(1), 165–180.

Pastika, I. W., Widiatmika, P. W., & Triadnyani, I. G. A. A. M. (2025). Linguistic Markers in Cross-nation Suicide Notes and Their Implications for Authenticity Verification. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 15(1), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v15i1.75562

Prahasasgita, M. S., & Lestari, M. D. (2025). The Interconnectedness of Others, Self, and God: Unmarried Older Balinese Women’s Journeys Toward a Meaningful Life. Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies), 15(1), 285–313. https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2025.v15.i01.p11

Putri, N. M. L. K. (2024, June 30). Tingkat Bunuh Diri di Bali Tertinggi Se-Indonesia, Ini Penyebabnya. Detikbali. https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-7415945/tingkat-bunuh-diri-di-bali-tertinggi-se-indonesia-ini-penyebabnya

Ratih, A. S. W. K., & Tobing, D. H. (2016). Konsep Diri Pada Pelaku Percobaan Bunuh Diri Pria Usia Dewasa Muda Di Bali. Jurnal Psikologi Udayana, 3(3), 56–70.

Sartini, N. W. (2020). Ekspresi Verbal Masyarakat Bali terhadap Kelahiran Bayi: Kajian Linguistik Kebudayaan. Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies), 10(2), 395–416. https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2020.v10.i02.p03

Sasmita, P. D., & Winiantari, N. W. (2024). Mental Health: Menyikapi Fenomena Bunuh Diri Perspektif Ajaran Agama Hindu. PRAMANA: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian, 4(2), 143–152.

Septyani, N. K. S., Astawan, I. G., & Trisna, G. A. P. S. (2023). Animated Video Learning Media Oriented to the Tri Kona Concept on the Life Cycle of Living Things for The Fourth Grade of Elementary School. MIMBAR PGSD Undiksha, 11(2), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpgsd.v11i2.58619

Setiawan, I. P. W. A. (2025, September 7). Koh Ngomong dan Nak Mule Keto, Budaya Diam yang Membunuh Keberanian Orang Bali. Kompasiana. https://www.kompasiana.com/widiastegehkori113225/68bd844e34777c20d90b9cd2/koh-ngomong-dan-nak-mule-keto-budaya-diam-yang-membunuh-keberanian-orang-bali

Shah, F. (2021, October 29). ‘Grindr killer’ planted fake suicide note on victim framing him for killing another man, inquest hears. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/stephen-port-grindr-killer-victim-fake-note-b1947849.html

Shapero, J. J. (2011). The Language of Suicide Notes. University of Birmingham.

Suadnyana, S. (2022, April 28). Isi Surat Mahasiswa Asal Gianyar Sebelum Bunuh Diri, Bikin Syok. DetikBali. https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-6056318/isi-surat-mahasiswa-asal-gianyar-sebelum-bunuh-diri-bikin-syok

Suarna, N. (2021, May 4). Nekat Gantung Diri, Pegawai LPD Tinggalkan Surat Wasiat. Bali Express. https://baliexpress.jawapos.com/bali/671163658/nekat-gantung-diri-pegawai-lpd-tinggalkan-surat-wasiat

Subanda, I. N., Gorda, A. N. S. R., & P, I. G. A. A. D. S. (2022). Balinese Social Investment in Death: Social Construction Perspective on Grave Conflict in Bali. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 11(3), 500–508. https://doi.org/10.23887/jish.v11i3.46488

Sudhita, I. W. R. (2010). Perilaku Bunuh Diri di Kalangan Pelajar (Analisis Deskriptif Pemberitaan Bali Post Tahun 2006-2009). Jurnal IKA, 8(1), 25–40.

Sumarkandia, W. (2024). Yoga Sebagai Upaya Menurunkan Angka Bunuh Diri di Provinsi Bali. Jurnal AKSES, 16(01), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.70358/jurnalakses.v16i01.1247

Sutajaya, I. M., Warpala, I. W. S., Arnita, N. P. S., Devi, N. L. P. M. L., Sanjiwani, N. M. G., & Aryani, N. M. C. (2024). Revitalization of the ergo-spiritual oriented Melukat place improves physiological fitness and community care attitude on the maintenance and conservation of water resources. The 3rd International Conference on Natural Sciences, Mathematics, Applications, Research, And Technology (ICON-SMART2022): Mathematical Physics and Biotechnology for Education, Energy Efficiency, and Marine Industries, 040022. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0218513

Teng, Z. (2024). A Study of the Buddhist Conception of Samsara and Its Influences and Insights. Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Science, 8(11), 2469–2477. https://doi.org/10.26855/jhass.2024.11.002

Turnbull, P., Hunt, I. M., Woodhouse, T., Monk, H., Kapur, N., & Appleby, L. (2025). Domestic Violence and Suicide in Women under the Care of Mental Health Services in the UK, 2015–2021: a National Observational Study. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, 55, 101350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101350

Valentina, T. D., & Nurcahyo, F. A. (2025). Stigma and Suicide From the Perspective of Balinese Adults. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 91(4), 2165–2182. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228231170675

Wahidin, K. P., & Simbolon, C. D. (2025, May 27). Kenapa Kasus Bunuh Diri Terus Marak di Bali? Alinea.Id. https://www.alinea.id/peristiwa/kenapa-kasus-bunuh-diri-terus-marak-di-bali-b2nnR9RCh

Wicaksana, I. G. A. T., Ningsih, N. K. T. Y., & Wahyunadi, N. M. D. (2024). Hubungan Tingkat Stres dengan Risiko Bunuh Diri pada Mahasiswa Tingkat Akhir. Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa, 12(4), 799. https://doi.org/10.26714/jkj.12.4.2024.799-806

Widiatmika, P. W. (2023). Metafora Konseptual Hidup Adalah Cerita Pada Tulisan Berbahasa Inggris dan Indonesia di Media Sosial. Jurnal Sasindo UNPAM, 11(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.32493/sasindo.v11i2.1-10

Widiatmika, P. W., Pastika, I. W., & Satyawati, M. S. (2023). Insider and Outsider Language in Indonesian Suicide Notes: Forensic Linguistic Study. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 06(12). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/V6-i12-08

Widiatmika, P. W., Pastika, I. W., & Satyawati, M. S. (2024). Investigating the Genuineness of Suicide Notes in Social Media. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 21–39. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v9i1.727

Widnya, I. K. (2008). Bunuh Diri di Bali: Perspektif Budaya dan Lingkungan Hidup. Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment, 8(1).

Widyati, P. D. K. (2024, July 7). Kasus Bunuh Diri di Bali Tertinggi se-Indonesia. RRI.Co.Id.

Wijaya, I. K. M. (2019). The Semiotics of Banyan Tree Spaces in Denpasar, Bali. International Journal on Livable Space, 4(2), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.25105/livas.v4i2.5564

Wikandina Putri, N. M., Sudewa, I. K., & Udayana, I. N. (2025). Poliandri Sebuah Refleksi Ajaran Bhakti dan Śraddhā dalam Kakawin Kreṣṇā Pancawiwāha. Jurnal Penelitian Agama Hindu, 9(1), 132–146. https://doi.org/10.37329/jpah.v9i1.3752

Wiratmaja, I. N., Suacana, I. W. G., & Sudana, I. W. (2021). Penggalian Nilai-Nilai Pancasila Berbasis Kearifan Lokal Bali Dalam Rangka Penguatan Wawasan Kebangsaan. POLITICOS: Jurnal Politik Dan Pemerintahan, 1(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.22225/politicos.1.1.3009.43-52

Yasa, I. K. W., & Adisastra, I. N. S. (2025). Ulah Pati di Bali dalam Perspektif Sosiologi Hindu. Jurnal Penelitian Agama Hindu, 9(4), 286–297. https://doi.org/10.37329/jpah.v9i4.4750

Downloads

Published

2026-04-02

How to Cite

Widiatmika, P. W., Pastika, I. W., & Kinipi, C. (2026). Worldview from Balinese Suicide Notes: A Cultural Forensic Linguistic Perspective. Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies), 16(1), 109–143. https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2026.v16.i01.p05