Aesthetic Transformations of Ogoh-Ogoh: From Conventional Giant Figures to Hybrid Myth–Popular Culture Characters
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2025.v15.i03.p05Keywords:
ogoh-ogoh, aesthetic transformation, hybrid myth–popular culture, ritual continuity, Balinese traditionAbstract
Thousands of Ogoh-Ogoh (towering giant effigies) are paraded across Bali to welcome the arrival of the Saka New Year (Nyepi Day), which falls every March or April. This article examines the evolving aesthetics of these processions, tracing their shift from ritualistic giant figures meant to repel the destructive power of bhuta kala to contemporary hybrid mythic–popular forms that incorporate global pop-cultural icons and local socio-political characters. Employing qualitative methods such as visual ethnography, observation, and semiotic analysis, this study explores Ogoh-Ogoh production across Bali, where creative experimentation is especially vibrant. The findings reveal a significant aesthetic transformation driven by environmental regulations, competitive youth creativity, and the changing visual preferences of younger generations. Material innovations, including the use of LED lighting, have further intensified a performative orientation emphasizing spectacle and technical sophistication. Despite these shifts, ritual continuity endures, demonstrating that ogoh-ogoh remains a living, adaptive tradition in contemporary Balinese society.
References
Abdurohman, I. (2025, March 25). Kisah Bibi Anu Juara Ogoh-Ogoh Denpasar 2025. Tirto.Id. https://tirto.id/kisah-bibi-anu-juara-ogoh-ogoh-denpasar-2025-g9T2
Aiello, G. (2020). Visual Semiotics: Key Concepts and New Directions. In The SAGE Handbook of Visual Research Methods (pp. 367–380). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526417015.n23
Allsopp, B. (1970). Study of Architectural History (First Edition). Praeger Publishers.
Ardana, I. G. N. S., & Sudita, I. K. (2022). The Development of Ogoh-Ogoh Making With Kinetic Art’s Technology In Denpasar City. Jurnal Pendidikan Seni Rupa Undiksha, 12(3), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpsp.v12i3.52692
Aristrawati, N. L. P. (2018). Evaluasi Parade Ogoh-Ogoh Sebagai Pendukung Pengembangan Pariwisata Budaya di Kota Denpasar. Jurnal Master Pariwisata (JUMPA), 5(1), 147–170. https://doi.org/10.24843/jumpa.2018.v05.i01.p08
Aryanta, I. K. A., & Putri, I. A. S. (2020, January 13). Naik Hingga 40 Persen, Besaran Bantuan Dana Ogoh-Ogoh di Kabupaten Badung Jadi Perhatian Dewan. Bali.Tribunnews.Com. https://bali.tribunnews.com/2020/01/13/naik-hingga-40-persen-besaran-bantuan-dana-ogoh-ogoh-di-kabupaten-badung-jadi-perhatian-dewan
Astajaya, M. (2019, March 3). Di Gianyar, Seribu Lebih-Ogoh-Ogoh di Arak Saat Pengerupukan. Balipost.Com. https://www.balipost.com/news/2019/03/03/70056/Di-Gianyar,Seribu-Lebih-Ogoh-ogoh
Astana, I. N. (2020, October 2). Tradisi Ogoh-Ogoh di Gianyar Tanpa Suntikan Dana Pemkab. Balitribune.Co.Id. https://balitribune.co.id/content/tradisi-ogoh-ogoh-di-gianyar-tanpa-suntikan-dana-pemkab
Atika, J. (2021). Estetika Pengunaan Warna Pada Ruangan Minimalis. PROPORSI: Jurnal Desain, Multimedia Dan Industri Kreatif, 6(2), 178–188. https://doi.org/10.22303/proporsi.6.2.2021.178-188
Azmi, M. (2023, March 21). Melacak Jejak Sejarah dan Makna Ogoh-Ogoh, Bagian Keindahan Bali. Gemasulawesi.Com. https://www.gemasulawesi.com/id/kupas-tuntas/9743/melacak-jejak-sejarah-dan-makna-ogoh-ogoh-bagian-keindahan-bali
Badungkab.go.id. (2024, February 6). Badung Cairkan Dana Kreativitas Ogoh-Ogoh Sebesar Rp 11 M Lebih Kepada 580 Sekaa Teruna Bupati Giri Prasta: Ogoh-Ogoh Harus Buat Sendiri, Gunakan Bahan Alami. Badungkab.Go.Id: Portal Resmi Kabupaten Badung. https://badungkab.go.id/index.php/kab/berita/55083-badung-cairkan-dana-kreativitas-ogoh-ogoh-sebesar-rp-11-m-lebih-kepada-580-sekaa-teruna-bupati-giri-prasta-ogoh-ogoh-harus-buat-sendiri-gunakan-bahan-alami
Bali-island.com. (2025, June 21). Pengetian, Makna, Pembuatan, Pertunjukan Ogoh-Ogoh Bali. Bali-Island.Com. https://www.bali-island.com/id/budaya/pengetian-makna-pembuatan-pertunjukan-ogoh-ogoh-bali/
Barthes, R. (1977). Image, Music, Text. Fontana Press.
Budiman, K. (2005). Ikonisitas: Semiotika Sastra dan Seni Visual: Vol. I. Buku Baik.
Budiwanti, E. (2018). Penguatan Identitas Agama di Ruang Publik: Pawai Ogoh-Ogoh dan Nyepi di Bali dan Lombok. Harmoni, 17(2), 208–230. https://doi.org/10.32488/harmoni.v17i2.319
Cahyadi, P. P. (2025, November 22). Ogoh-Ogoh, dari Kegiatan Pemuda Denpasar Menjadi Tradisi Integral Masyarakat Hindu di Indonesia. Monsterjournal.Com. https://monsterjournal.com/ogoh-ogoh-dari-kegiatan-pemuda-denpasar-menjadi-tradisi-integral-masyarakat-hindu-di-indonesia/
Curtin, B. (2009). Semiotics: General Definitions. In Semiotics and Visual Representation (pp. 51–62). International Program in Design and Architecture. https://www.arch.chula.ac.th/journal/files/article/lJjpgMx2iiSun103202.pdf
Dana, G. W. P., & Adnyana, P. E. S. (2025). Ogoh-Ogoh: Tradisi Budaya Bali yang Mendunia, Sejarah dan Perkembangannya di Kota Denpasar. PT. Dharma Pustaka Utama.
Danto, A. C. (1997). After the End of Art: Contemporary Art and the Pale of History. Princeton University Press.
Diatmika, I. D. G. N. (2019). Ogoh-Ogoh dan Hari Raya Nyepi. Jurnal Widya Sastra Pendidikan Agama Hindu, 2(1), 82–94. https://doi.org/10.36663/wspah.v2i2.19
Dinas Kebudayaan Kota Denpasar. (2011). Buku Panduan Ogoh-Ogoh Pengerupukan Kota Denpasar. Pemerintah Kota Denpasar.
Ditha, A. (2011, February 28). Ogoh-Ogoh, Simbol Bhuta Kala Menjelang Nyepi. Balebengong.Id. https://balebengong.id/ogoh-ogoh/
Eatough, V., & Smith, J. A. (2017). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. In C. Willig & W. S. Rogers (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Psychology (2nd Edition, pp. 193–211). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526405555.n12
Eka, A., Budiastrawan, P. A., Krista, P., & Putri, N. M. L. K. (2024, March 11). Ogoh-Ogoh, Bermula Dari Orang-Orangan Untuk Ngaben dan Jadi Tradisi. DetikBali. https://www.detik.com/bali/budaya/d-7234717/ogoh-ogoh-bermula-dari-orang-orangan-untuk-ngaben-dan-jadi-tradisi?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Ekosiwi, E. K. (2017). Permasalahan Etis dalam Estetika dan Pendidikan Filsafat Seni. Respons: Jurnal Etika Sosial, 22(1), 63–67.
Fajarbali.com. (2020, February 20). Bupati Giri Prasta Serahkan Dana Motivasi Ogoh-Ogoh 2020 Sebagai Upaya Pelestarian Budaya Bali. Fajarbali.Com. https://fajarbali.com/bupati-giri-prasta-serahkan-dana-motivasi-ogoh-ogoh-2020-sebagai-upaya-pelestarian-budaya-bali/
Ganika, M. A. A., & Suardana, I. W. (2019). Ogoh-Ogoh Dan Implementasinya Pada Kreativitas Berkarya Seni Rupa Tiga Dimensi. Mudra Jurnal Seni Budaya, 34(1), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.31091/mudra.v34i1.632
Geertz, C. (1980). Negara: The Theatre State in 19th Century Bali. Princeton University Press.
Geertz, H. (1994). Images of Power: Balinese Paintings Made for Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead. University of Hawaii Press.
Gunawan, I. W., & Surya Buana, A. A. N. G. (2016). Seni Ogoh-Ogoh (Konteks, Teks dan Efek). Prabangkara: Jurnal Seni Rupa Dan Desain, 19(23), 1–16. https://jurnal.isi-dps.ac.id/index.php/prabangkara/article/view/132
Hanna, W. A., & Hannigan, T. (2016). Brief History Of Bali: Piracy, Slavery, Opium and Guns: The Story of a Pacific Paradise. Tuttle Publishing.
Hardianta, I. N. M. (2024). Revitalisasi Nilai-Nilai Hindu dalam Tradisi Nyepi: Strategi Ketahanan Budaya dan Spiritual di Tengah Krisis Global. Śruti: Jurnal Agama Hindu, 5(1), 42–51. https://jurnal.ekadanta.org/index.php/sruti/article/view/621
Harsana, I. K. G. (2018). Research Article Revitalization the Identity of Bali Social Through Ogoh Ogoh-Ogoh Art. International Journal of Current Research, 10(7), 71428–71432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.30966.07.2018
Hasiara, L. O. (2018). Penelitian Multi Kasus dan Multi Situs. In Penelitian Multi Kasus dan Multi Situs (Vol. 7, Issue 2). CV IRDH.
İsmet, B. (2014). Arthur Danto’s Ontology of Aesthetics Upon Pop Art. Middle East Technical University.
Karja, I. W., & Feldman, R. (2024). The Ancient Tantric in Balinese Contemporary Art. Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies), 14(2), 324–347. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2024.v14.i02.p02
Kellner, D. (2003). Jean Baudrillard. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists (p. 310). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470999912.ch13
Kembarawan, I. G. K. (2020). Construction Of Social Solidarity Between Hindus and Muslims at Ogoh-Ogoh Parade in Tanjung, North Lombok. Kamaya: Jurnal Ilmu Agama, 3(3), 273–297. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37329/kamaya.v3i3
Kreativitas Bali. (2017). Pawai Ogoh-Ogoh Doraemon. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9L789KDWwm8
Lansing, J. S. (1987). Balinese “Water Temples” and The Management of Irrigation. American Anthropologist, 89(2), 326–341. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1987.89.2.02a00030
Lansing, J. S. (1995). The Balinese (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology) (1st Edition). Wadsworth Publishing.
Mediator Bali. (2020). Ogoh-Ogoh Paling Cantik yang Mirip Artis.
Muamalah, M., Pratiwi, R. R. B., Nabila, R. M., & Putri, A. M. S. (2023). Tradisi Ogoh-Ogoh Untuk Mewujudkan Kerukunan Antarumat Hindu dan Islam. Journal of Education Research, 4(1), 276–282. https://doi.org/10.37985/jer.v4i1.120
Mutiarasari, K. A. (2022, March 2). Ogoh-Ogoh: Sejarah, Asal Muasal dan Maknanya. DetikNews. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5965806/ogoh-ogoh-sejarah-asal-muasal-dan-maknanya
Nole, O. A. (2024). Balinese Actions and Solidarity Regarding Ogoh-Ogoh in Banjar Untal-Untal: A Sociology of Religion Perspective. Vidyottama Sanatana: International Journal of Hindu Science and Religious Studies, 8(1), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.25078
O2C. (2020a). Kumpulan Ogoh-Ogoh Lucu dan Unik. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYP4vQkL0jo
O2C. (2020b). Kumpulan Ogoh-Ogoh Paling Cantik dan Seksi di Bali. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xe6MnYbRzgg
Parwata. (2021, January 12). Badung Tetap Anggarkan Dana Ogoh-Ogoh, Siapkan Alternatif Pengganti Parade. Balipost.Com. https://www.balipost.com/news/2021/01/12/168158/Badung-Tetap-Anggarkan-Dana-Ogoh-ogoh
Peirce, C. S. (1935). Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce: Vols. I–VIII (C. Hartshorne, P. Weiss, & A. W. Burks, Eds.). Harvard University Press.
Prabandari, I. S., & Sonder, I. W. (2021). Dampak Pawai Ogoh-Ogoh Terhadap Sosial Budaya Masyarakat di Desa Adat Kuta. Pariwisata Budaya: Jurnal Ilmiah Pariwisata Agama Dan Budaya, 6(1), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.25078/pba.v6i1.1931
Prianta, P. A., & Sulistyawati, A. (2024). Development of the Ogoh-Ogoh Parade from A Religious Ritual To A Tourist Attraction In Bali. Journey: Journal of Tourismpreneurship, Culinary, Hospitality, Convention and Event Management, 7(1), 77–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46837/journey.v7i1.194
Putra, D., Kartini, K. S., & Putra, I. N. T. A. (2021). Sosialisasi Video Animasi 2D Tentang Pengenalan Penggunaan Styrofoam dan Bahan Alami Dalam Pembuatan Ogoh-Ogoh. Jurnal Widya Laksmi: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 1(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.59458/jwl.v1i1.9
Rahmadani, A., & Prasetyo, K. B. (2024). The Evolution of Ogoh-Ogoh Performances in Fostering Religious Tolerance. KARSA: Journal of Social and Islamic Culture, 32(1), 194–227. https://doi.org/10.19105/karsa.v32i1.12419
Ramadhansyah, D., & Damajanti, I. (2022). Telusur Sejarah Ogoh-Ogoh sebagai Manifestasi Seni Rupa Bali dari Sudut Pandang Komodifikasi Budaya. Jurnal Seni Nasional Cikini, 8(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.52969/jsnc.v8i1.161
Ranciere, J. (2006). The Politics of Aesthetics. A&C Black.
Rastana, I. D. G. (2022, January 9). Meski Tak Ada Bantuan Dana, Yowana Gianyar Tetap Semangat Gelar Lomba Ogoh-Ogoh. Baliexpress.Jawapos.Com. https://baliexpress.jawapos.com/bali/671174898/meski-tak-ada-bantuan-dana-yowana-gianyar-tetap-semangat-gelar-lomba-ogohogoh
Rhismawati, N. L. (2024, March 1). 12 Ogoh-Ogoh Terbaik di Denpasar Tampil Dalam Parade Kasanga Festival. Antaranews.Com. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3991185/12-ogoh-ogoh-terbaik-di-denpasar-tampil-dalam-parade-kasanga-festival
Ritzer, G. (2015). Prosumer Capitalism. Sociological Quarterly, 56(3), 413–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12105
Ritzer, G., & Goodman, D. J. (2004). Teori Sosiologi Modern. Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Ritzer, G., & Ryan, J. M. (2003). Towards a Richer Understanding of Global Commodification: Glocalization and Grobalization. The Hedgehog Review: Critical Reflections on Contemporary Culture, 5(2). https://hedgehogreview.com/issues/the-commodification-of-everything/articles/toward-a-richer-understanding-of-global-commodification-glocalization-and-grobalization
Rockhill, G., & Watts, P. (2009). Jacques Rancière: History, Politics, Aesthetics. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822390930
Saphira, H. V., Admoko, S., & Suprapto, N. (2022). Ogoh-Ogoh: An Indonesian Creative Local Wisdom Inspired by Hindu Philosophy as Ethno-Physics. Vidyottama Sanatana: International Journal of Hindu Science and Religious Studies, 6(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.25078/vidyottama.v6i1.315
Sholahudin, U. (2020). Selebrasi Pernikahan Artis dalam Perspektif Teori Masyarakat Konsumsi Baudrillard. Journal of Urban Sociology, 2(2), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.30742/jus.v2i2.991
Suar. (2019, March 2). Wakil Bupati Gianyar, A. A. Mayun Buka Pawai Ogoh-Ogoh Desa Singekerta. Baliekbis.Com. https://www.baliekbis.com/wakil-bupati-gianyar-aa-mayun-buka-pawai-ogoh-ogoh-desa-singekerta/
Suartini, N. P. (2025, April 9). Ogoh-Ogoh: Tradisi Unik yang Meriahkan Perayaan Hari Raya Nyepi. Transsumsel.Com. https://www.transsumsel.com/ogoh-ogoh-tradisi-unik-yang-meriahkanperayaan-hari-raya-nyepi/
Suda, I. K., & Indiani, N. M. (2018). Interpret Ogoh-Ogoh towards Hindu Contemporary Society. International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Sciences, 5(1), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v5i1.597
Sudiarthi, D. N. A., & Soper, I. W. (2019). Pemaknaan Mitos Bhuta Kala Dalam Tradisi Ogoh-Ogoh Sebagai Media Pendidikan: Suatu Kajian Pustaka. Wacana: Majalah Ilmiah Tentang Bahasa, Sastra Dan Pembelajarannya., 19(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46444/wacanasaraswati.v19i2
Sudirga, I. K., Hood, M. M., & Yulianti, N. K. D. (2024). Strengthening Ideological Values through Pasantian Singing: Problematizing the Nexus Between Local Cultural Practices and Globality in Bali. Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies), 14(2), 348–372. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2024.v14.i02.p03
Suharta, I. W. (2019). Ogoh-Ogoh Attraction of Nyepi Ritual In Bali. Vidyottama Sanatana: International Journal of Hindu Science and Religious Studies, 3(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.25078/ijhsrs.v3i1.785
Sukarma, I. W. (2016). Tri Hita Karana: Theoretical Basic of Moral Hindu. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture, 2(3), 84–96. https://doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v2i3.230
Sunarya, I. K. (2020). The Concept of Rwa Bhineda Kriya on the Island of Bali Towards Jagadhita. Wacana Seni: Journal of Arts Discourse, 19, 47–60. https://doi.org/10.21315/ws2020.19.4
Sundari. (2017). Ogoh Ogoh Paling Cantik Yang Mirip Artis. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSW7TmlNnm4
Suyatra, I. P. (2018, March 13). Ogoh-Ogoh Segehan Panca Warna Yangbatu Kauh Masuk 6 Besar Dentim. Baliexpress.Jawapos.Com. https://baliexpress.jawapos.com/balinese/671135173/ogohogoh-segehan-panca-warna-yangbatu-kauh-masuk-6-besar-dentim
Tabelak, D. (2020, March 18). Cegah Penyebaran Covid-19, Ribuan Ogoh-Ogoh di Gianyar Batal Diarak. Radarbali.Jawapos.Com. https://radarbali.jawapos.com/bali/70833342/cegah-penyebaran-covid19-ribuan-ogohogoh-di-gianyar-batal-diarak
Tanke, J. J. (2011). What is the Aesthetic Regime? Parrhesia, 12, 71–81. https://parrhesiajournal.org/parrhesia12/parrhesia12_tanke.pdf
Tca. (2025, March 20). Melihat dari Dekat Ogoh-Ogoh ‘Bibi Anu’ Karya ST Cantigraha, Banjar Tengah, Sesetan, Denpasar. Nusabali.Com. https://www.nusabali.com/berita/189177/melihat-dari-dekat-ogoh-ogoh-bibi-anu-karya-st-cantigraha-banjar-tengah-sesetan-denpasar
Telusur Bali. (2025, March 25). Sejarah Ogoh-Ogoh di Bali yang Diarak Setiap Pengerupukan atau Sehari Sebelum Nyepi Lengkap Maknanya. Telusur.Balitrekker.Com. https://telusur.balitrekker.com/sejarah-ogoh-ogoh-di-bali-yang-diarak-setiap-pengerupukan-atau-sehari-sebelum-nyepi-lengkap-maknanya/
Triandini, E., Astika, I. M. S. P., Kuswanto, D., Bandem, M., Crisnapati, P. N., & Rahmah, S. (2024). Preserving Balinese Culture Using Augmented Reality Technology for Ogoh-Ogoh Art. 2024 6th International Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent System (ICORIS), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORIS63540.2024.10903792
Watra, I. W. (2005). Galungan Naramangsa. Paramita.
Wibawa, A. P. (2025). Animasi: Mengungkap Rahasia Estetika di Dunia Visual (I. P. U. Wasista & I. P. A. Janottama, Eds.). Pusat Penerbitan LP2MPP Institut Seni Indonesia Denpasar.
Widarti, P. (2010, March 7). Upin dan Ipin Ramaikan Perayaan Nyepi. Viva.Co.Id. https://www.viva.co.id/arsip/134551-upin-dan-ipin-ramaikan-perayaan-nyepi
Widiastini, N. M. A. (2013). Memenjor Tradition, The Contestion and Implication to Hindu’s Community in Bali. Humaniora: Journal of Culture, Literature, and Linguistics, 25(3), 237–248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.3316
Widrayani, B. (2025, March 16). Kreativitas Anak Muda Denpasar, Ogoh Ogoh Bergerak Siap Meriahkan Pawai [Broadcast]. Seputar Bali, News BaliTV. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlayfeJB0FI
Widyasari, I. A. P. G. (2025). Teo-Ekologi: Bahan Alternatif Pembuatan Ogoh-Ogoh Ramah Lingkungan Untuk Menjaga Kelestarian Budaya Bali. Widya Sundaram: Jurnal Pendidikan Seni Dan Budaya, 3(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.53977/jws.v3i1.2405
Winatha. (2020, March 21). Umat Hindu Harus Paham Bedakan Tradisi dan Ritual. Balipost.Com. https://www.balipost.com/news/2020/03/21/111171/Umat-Hindu-Harus-Paham-Bedakan
Wulandari, N. P. M. (2025). Menggali Estetika Ogoh-Ogoh: Simbol Bhuta Kala dan Pesan Sosial dalam Kesenian Bali. Widya Sundaram: Jurnal Pendidikan Seni Dan Budaya, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.53977/jws.v3i1.2390
Yuda. (2019, March 2). Masuk 8 Besar Dapat Rp 10 Juta. NusaBali.Com. https://www.nusabali.com/berita/48020/masuk-8-besar-dapat-rp-10-juta
Yudarta, I. G., Sutjiati Beratha, N. L., & Sudirga, I. K. (2025). Actualization of the Spirit of Nationhood in Karawitan Musical Compositions by Balinese Maestro I Wayan Beratha. Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies), 15(1), 314–344. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2025.v15.i01.p12
Yusuf, M., & Azisi, A. M. (2020). Upacara Bhuta Yadnya Sebagai Ajang Pelestarian Alam. Religi: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama, 16(1), 112–131. https://doi.org/10.14421/rejusta.2020.1601-07













