Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil is an online periodical journal of science that is published twice a year, in March and September by the Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil is a media to publish the results of scientific research students, academics, practitioners, and observers in the field of Civil Engineering including Structure, Construction Management, Water Resource Management, Transportation, and Geotechnical.
Cover and TOC Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil, Vol. 30 No. 1, March 2026
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STRUCTURAL REDESIGN FOR MATERIAL EFFICIENCY (CASE STUDY: BUILDING A OF KIARA BEACH FRONT APARTMENT)
Structural design for multistory buildings must satisfy not only strength and safety requirements but also material efficiency to achieve cost-effective construction. This study aims to redesign the structural system of Building A of the Kiara Beach Front Apartment to obtain a more efficient design while maintaining structural performance and safety. The redesign was carried out using the Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) system in accordance with the provisions of SNI 1726:2019, SNI 1727:2020, and SNI 2847:2019. A three-dimensional structural model was developed in SAP2000, followed by analyses of gravity and seismic loads, inter-story drift, structural irregularities, and the design of beams, columns, slabs, and foundations. The results indicate that the redesigned structure satisfies seismic performance requirements, with the fundamental period and inter-story drift remaining within the allowable limits specified by the applicable standards. Furthermore, the optimization of structural member dimensions and reinforcement improved material efficiency in the first-floor structural elements, resulting in an 11% reduction in concrete volume and a 23% reduction in reinforcement weight. Consequently, a more economical structural design was achieved without compromising structural safety requirements.
NONLINEAR MODELING OF CONFINED MASONRY STRUCTURES USING LAYERED SHELL ELEMENTS
Confined masonry structures are widely used in simple buildings located in seismic regions; however, their behavior is difficult to represent numerically because masonry is heterogeneous and nonlinear. This study evaluates layered shell elements in SAP2000 for modeling the global response of confined masonry, analyzes the influence of material parameters, and compares a simple building model based on the guideline of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing of Indonesia (PUPR), hereafter referred to as CM, with an Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)-based modified model, hereafter referred to as CME. The CME model includes additional reinforcing columns and beams around wall openings. Validation was conducted using two-dimensional and three-dimensional models based on previous laboratory experiments. The investigated parameters include masonry compressive strength (f'm), masonry elastic modulus (Em), masonry shear modulus (Gm), and concrete compressive strength of confining elements (f'c). The results show that layered shell elements can represent the global response of confined masonry structures, particularly initial stiffness, lateral capacity, and stress concentration patterns, although the analysis was conducted using monotonic pushover loading. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the parameter influence, from the lowest to the highest, is f'c, f'm, Em, and Gm. In the application model, both CM and CME reach the Immediate Occupancy (IO) performance level. However, CME produces smaller drift, higher lateral capacity, and a more uniform wall stress distribution than CM. Therefore, the EERI-based modification can increase lateral capacity and control local damage in confined masonry structures.
STUDY OF COMMUNITY BASED CONTRACT IMPLEMENTATION IN THE SCHOOL REVITALIZATION PROGRAM IN BANGLI REGENCY
This study examines the implementation of Community Based Contracting (CBC) in a school infrastructure revitalization program in Bangli Regency. It aims to evaluate how the self-managed construction scheme impacts financial optimization, social participation, and managerial dynamics. Using a qualitative descriptive approach with case studies of two different schools, the study highlights the application of Value Engineering (VE) principles through the Contract Change Order (CCO) instrument. It found that the CBC method provided significant budget flexibility without changing the final nominal value of the work. Overruns on structural and architectural items were successfully rationalized, allowing for the reallocation of funds amounting to 12.42% to 19% of the contract value. Beyond technical efficiency, the CBC approach can foster a sense of ownership among stakeholders through their participation in design decision making and stimulate the local economy by leveraging local labor and material supply chains. However, the study found operational challenges, particularly the excessive workload experienced by teachers due to their dual roles as educators and project managers, in addition to the complexity of construction tax administration. Ultimately, this study concludes that although CBC is highly effective for holistic budget and facility optimization, further intensive technical and administrative assistance is needed to ensure that the primary tasks of educators in schools are not disrupted.
DHARMA NING ASTA KOSALA KOSALI LAYOUT OF THE BALINESE TRADITIONAL HOME
This study is aimed to examine thoroughly lontar Asta Kosala Kosali and Asta Bumi in regard to ashta or eight sectors of geometric pattern as devoted to Dewata Nawa Sangha. Several Balinese homes are studied especially during ritual ceremony yadnya as empirical field work, in order to combine with textual lontar content. Lontar asta kosala kosali describe that the four sides of the proposed home yard required to be divided by nine in the same size section. This technic will draw one square in the center and eight surrounding squares and provide the most practical way to draw eight surrounding sectors in a circle. Any space or point in any eight sectors in the space pattern will be located easily by constructing longitude and latitude across the center. This study revealed that this technic may establish various number of lay-out, resulting in space thrifty that promote psychological well-being thrive happy, calm, no angry in designing Balinese home in pursuing Dewata Nawa Sangha and the teaching of dharma ning asta kosala kosali and asta bumi.
DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED CLIMATE DISASTER RISK FRAMEWORK FOR CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE RESILIENCE PLANNING
Climate change and the increasing frequency of natural hazards pose growing challenges to the resilience of critical infrastructure. Yet, climate and disaster risks are commonly assessed in isolation, limiting their effectiveness for infrastructure planning. This fragmented approach limits civil engineering practice's ability to capture risk interactions, cascading effects, and spatial variability across interconnected infrastructure systems. This study aimed to develop an integrated risk analysis model that simultaneously incorporates climate change and disaster risks to support critical infrastructure resilience planning. A mixed-methods approach was applied using a case study in Masbagik and Pringgasela Districts, East Lombok Regency, Indonesia. The analysis combined risk matrix assessment, GIS-based exposure analysis, and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) using climate data, disaster records, spatial datasets, and inventories of five critical infrastructure sectors. The results showed integrated risk index values ranging from 0.67 to 0.83, with water supply, drainage, and road infrastructure consistently identified as the most critical systems. Scenario-based mitigation simulations indicated potential risk reductions of up to 40% at the district level, while integrated assessment reduced estimated annual losses by approximately 34% compared to separated analyses. The findings demonstrate that climate and disaster risks interact through reinforcing, cascading, and cumulative mechanisms that materially shape infrastructure vulnerability. This study contributes an Integrated Climate–Disaster Risk Framework that advances infrastructure resilience theory, strengthens integrated risk management, and provides a practical, spatially explicit decision-support tool for resilient and sustainable infrastructure planning
PLANNING AN INTEGRATED FEEDER SYSTEM FOR E-BRT
The development of an Electric Bus Rapid Transit (e-BRT) system in Sarbagita area requires the support of an integrated feeder transport system to ensure first-mile–last-mile connectivity and enhance public transport accessibility. This study aims to design feeder routes and service lines supporting the e-BRT system, analyze applicable operational systems, and evaluate financial feasibility based on Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC). A descriptive–quantitative approach was adopted, utilizing field survey data, secondary data, and public transport planning standards. The results indicate that the proposed feeder system consists of four integrated routes serving the Central Parking Kuta Station, namely FD-01 (East) with a route length of approximately 16 km, FD-02 (West) 7.3 km, FD-03 (South) 10.8 km, and FD-04 (North) 13 km (round trip). Operational analysis shows that cycle times range from 81.20 to 130.99 minutes, with fleet requirements of 9–14 vehicles and an average headway of approximately 9 minutes across all routes. From a financial perspective, total annual VOC ranges between Rp 141,335,385 and Rp 178,537,394, with the lowest operating cost per kilometer recorded on FD-01 at Rp 3,831.18/km and the highest on FD-D-02 at Rp 10,637.92/km. The VOC-based fare analysis indicates that the required operational fare ranges from Rp 11,551 to Rp 14,075 per passenger. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the proposed feeder transport system integrated with the e-BRT network is technically feasible, operationally effective, and financially viable, and has the potential to improve public transport accessibility and support the development of sustainable urban transportation.
RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MAINTENANCE OF TUKAD AYUNG IN DENPASAR CITY: AN INTEGRATED QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
The maintenance of the Ayung River aims not only to maintain the cleanliness and smooth flow of the river itself, but also as part of a broader environmental conservation effort to create a more environmentally friendly and sustainable city. This study aims to identify and assess risks in the implementation of the Tukad Ayung river maintenance project, determine dominant risks and their acceptance levels, and formulate appropriate mitigation and risk ownership strategies to minimize potential impacts on project cost, time, and quality. The study employed a mixed-method approach combining qualitative risk identification with quantitative risk assessment using probability-impact analysis based on ISO 31000:2018. Brainstorming and questionnaires were selected as data collection techniques, with 26 respondents selected using purposive sampling. The results identified 15 valid risks consisting of 9 unacceptable risks (60%) and 6 undesirable risks (40%). The dominant risk was tidal seawater conditions in downstream areas, which obtained the highest probability-impact score of 25 and was categorized as an unacceptable risk requiring immediate mitigation measures. The mitigation strategies implemented included risk reduction, risk transfer, and risk avoidance approaches. Mitigation for this dominant risk involves obtaining tidal seawater level data from Benoa Harbor to optimize downstream work scheduling and implementing a combination of concrete culvert and cyclope concrete foundations to enhance structural resistance in estuary areas. The largest allocation of risk ownership is assigned to the contractor, covering 8 identified risks. The findings contribute to improving risk mitigation planning and decision-making for urban river maintenance projects in Indonesia.
THE ROLE OF MENTAL STRESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN SHAPING SAFETY PERCEPTION AMONG OIL AND GAS CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
Construction activities in the oil and gas industry are inherently associated with a high level of occupational safety and health risks. Field-related factors that influence workers’ safety perceptions are therefore critical to be identified in order to ensure the effective implementation of safe work behaviors. This study aims to analyze the relationship between mental stress and organizational relationships and their effects on safety perception among field workers in the oil and gas industry, particularly within the operational area of Riau Province, Indonesia. The respondents consisted of 106 field workers, and a quantitative research approach was employed. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that mental stress and organizational relationships have a significant influence on workers’ safety perceptions, with a combined explanatory contribution of 39.6%. Higher levels of mental stress tend to increase workers’ negligence and reduce their concern for safety perception. Conversely, stronger organizational relationships enhance workers’ understanding and awareness of safety perception, which in turn contributes to the reduction of workplace accidents.
STUDY ON ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES AND PASSENGER PREFERENCES FOR BALI’S PLANNED URBAN RAIL
Bali is experiencing increasing traffic congestion, growing travel demand, and rising environmental pressures, which highlight the need for more sustainable transport solutions. The planned urban rail system is expected to play a significant role in addressing these challenges as an alternative mode with lower environmental impacts. Understanding how environmental attitudes influence passenger behaviour is therefore important in assessing the potential acceptance of the system among different user groups. This study aims to examine how environmental influence passengers’ willingness to pay (WTP) and their priority for using Bali’s urban rail system. In particular, the research explores whether higher environmental awareness encourages a stronger preference and whether there are behavioural differences among residents, domestic tourists, and international tourists on the proposed service.A stated preference (SP) survey hence conducted both online and on-site between June and July 2025, bring in 1,186 valid responses. Ordered logit models were applied to analyse the determinants of urban rail priority and WTP, incorporating socio-demographic characteristics, trip attributes, travel costs, and levels of environmental awareness.The findings indicate that the factors shaping urban rail priority differ across groups. Residents are primarily influenced by trip-related characteristics, while domestic tourists are affected by a broader range of socio-demographic factors. International tourists exhibit similar sensitivities but with a stronger emphasis on environmental considerations. Higher environmental awareness generally increases the likelihood of prioritising urban rail, although this effect is statistically significant mainly for international tourists. WTP results show that approximately 75% of respondents are willing to pay more than the baseline fare suggested from previous feasibility study. While cost remains the dominant determinant of WTP, environmental attributes play more role for international tourists.
THE IMPACT OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE EXPOSURE FROM FIRE ON CONCRETE QUALITY: A REVIEW AND EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
Concrete is one of the most widely used materials in the construction of buildings, bridges, and infrastructure thanks to its compressive strength, durability, and relatively low production cost. However, its main weakness lies in its vulnerability to high temperatures. When exposed to fire, concrete can suffer significant quality degradation through both physical mechanisms (such as water evaporation, thermal cracking, and spalling) and chemical changes (like the decomposition of calcium hydroxide and damage to C-S-H gel). This study investigates how exposure to high temperatures up to 500°C affects the performance of low-strength concrete (f’c ≈ 12 MPa), with a particular focus on residual compressive strength and visible surface changes after a fire. The research combines a literature review with a planned laboratory experiment using cylindrical concrete specimens exposed to 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C. Findings show that concrete remains relatively stable up to 200°C, with a strength reduction of less than 5%. Between 300°C and 400°C, strength drops significantly up to 28% and microcracks begin to form. At 500°C, concrete loses over 40% of its strength, accompanied by a noticeable color shift to whitish-gray and the appearance of wide cracks. These symptoms point to irreversible microstructural damage. This research is intended to support post-fire safety assessments, especially for buildings constructed with lower-grade concrete. The results confirm that exposure to around 500°C is sufficient to render a structure unsafe mirrored by the real-life case of a school fire in Penajam, where the building was ultimately demolished due to concrete degradation. Keywords: concrete, fire, compressive strength, high temperature, low-strength concrete.
Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil, Vol. 29 No. 2, September 2025
Cover and TOC Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil, Vol. 29 No. 2, September 2025
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPLEMENTATION OF BIM 5D IN THE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN OF THE TRANS SUMATRA – JAMBI TOLL ROAD WITH CIVIL 3D AND NAVISWORK
Significant contributions to technological advancement are helpful in various aspects of work. In Circular Letter 11/SE/Db/2021, it is emphasized that the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) must be applied in the planning stage of highway construction. 3D and 5D modeling can be done using Autodesk Civil 3D, while 4D modeling can be facilitated through Autodesk Navisworks. This study takes the Trans Sumatra Jambi Toll Road Project as an object of study with the aim of modeling toll roads using BIM-based Autodesk Civil 3D, analyzing the estimated costs from the modeling results, and visualizing the progress plan of mainroad work at a certain time through Autodesk Navisworks. Secondary data includes DED, BoQ and HSP. Modeling was performed on Autodesk Civil 3D including modeling of excavations and embankments as well as road pavement and drainage structures, Clash detection using Autodesk Naviswork, volume of work integrated using Microsoft Project and time simulation using Autodesk Naviswork. The results of the study show that from the modeling that has been carried out, the estimated cost of mainroad work has a deviation of -3.24% from the BoQ document. Comparison of data shows that the estimated volume and cost generated using the Autodesk Civil 3D BIM method is smaller than the conventional method. Simulated mainroad work progress display using Autodesk Naviswork software shows construction simulations, time progress tracking, and cost estimation in an integrated and informative manner to support project decision-making.
STUDENT’S PREFERENCE ON CARPOOLING IN UNIVERSITI MALAYA
This study is to understand student’s preference whenever they carpool in university. On top of that, promoting this program to the students is essential to make carpooling a preferable transportation mode. To be able to understand the current situation, questionnaires are distributed around the university. The sample would be random from different faculty, age and place of staying (whether in campus or outside of campus). The questions will be distributed around in the university through WhatsApp since the questions is in Google Form. Student’s main factor they consider whenever they carpool is cost. Daily expenditure of a student can affect one’s daily task. In order to sustain for their whole student life, they tend to plan and keep track of their expenses. Student’s safety can also be an issue especially when it comes to be a passenger of an unknown driver. People can take advantage to the passengers since the passenger cannot do anything to protect themselves. Police can’t really help if the victim cannot identify at least the plate number. Cleanliness of the vehicle is also a concern for vehicle’s owner. Most owners claim that they are unlikely to use their vehicle when it is just washed and cleaned. Suggestion as a rule in policy is made to make as beneficial for both driver and passenger. Method of promoting such method is essential to make students aware for its beneficial for others and environment.
Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil, Vol. 29 No. 1, Maret 2025
Cover and TOC Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil, Vol. 29 No. 1, Maret 2025
ENGINEERING DESIGN OF BREAKWATER STRUCTURES FOR COASTAL EROSION MITIGATION: A CASE STUDY IN SRAGI, SOUTH LAMPUNG
Kuala Jaya Beach, located in Bandar Agung Village, Sragi District, South Lampung, is experiencing severe coastal erosion, leading to shoreline retreat and degradation of coastal ecosystems. This study presents the engineering design of breakwater structures as a mitigation strategy. The design process considered key parameters, including significant wave height and period, Highest High Water Level (HHWL), wave refraction and breaking coefficients, wave set-up, projected sea level rise, wave run-up, and structural stability based on Terzaghi and Hudson equations. Wave characteristics were analyzed using a Weibull distribution for a 50-year return period, yielding a significant wave height of 2.26 m and a period of 6.98 s. Tidal analysis used the Admiralty method to determine an HHWL of 0.63 m. Three types of armor layers were evaluated: natural rock, concrete cubes, and geobags. The resulting crest widths were 2.0 m, 1.8 m, and 2.8 m, with corresponding elevations of 3.76 m, 3.0 m, and 3.6 m. Two breakwaters, 1000 m and 800 m in length, were positioned at a depth of 5 m near the wave-breaking zone. Stability analysis showed armor to secondary layer ratios of 2.4 for concrete cubes and 2.0 for natural rock. All designs allow controlled seepage, dissipating wave energy, and effectively preventing further shoreline retreat.
BATHYMETRIC-BASED SEDIMENTATION ASSESSMENT IN BALI’S VOLCANIC LAKES
The volcanic lakes of Bali, such as Batur, Beratan, Buyan, and Tamblingan, play a critical role in water provision, ecosystem services, and socio-cultural values. In addition to serving as raw water sources for irrigation, domestic use, dan tourism, these lakes also carry important conservation and spiritual functions embedded in Balinese cultural life. However, land-use changes, agricultural intensification, and tourism development within their catchments have accelerated erosion and sediment transport into the lakes. This sediment accumulation has resulted in lakebed shallowing and reduced storage capacity, thereby threatening the long-term sustainability of their hydrological and ecological functions. This study aims to examine sedimentation processes and potential shallowing through a 2024 bathymetric survey of Bali’s four main volcanic lakes. The analysis indicates an increase in sediment deposition between 2023 and 2024, with average thicknesses of 0.12 m in Lake Batur, 0.24 m in Lake Beratan, 0.49 m in Lake Buyan, and 1.56 m in Lake Tamblingan. Among these, Lake Tamblingan recorded the greatest thickness of sediment accumulation. These findings highlight the importance of regular monitoring of lake conditions. Bathymetric analysis can serve as a scientific basis for technical conservation planning, including dredging, upstream erosion control, and zoning of lake areas according to their vulnerability to sedimentation.
ANALYSIS OF IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY INDEX AND EVALUATION OF LAND SUITABILITY IN DRYLAND IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AS EFFORTS TO OPTIMIZE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
The availability and quality of irrigation water is an important factor in ensuring the sustainability of agricultural productivity, especially in drylands that are prone to drought such as in Abang District, Karangasem Regency, Bali. This study aims to analyze surface water quality for irrigation and evaluate land suitability through a comparative approach between the National Sanitation Foundation-Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI) method and the Index of Surface Water Susceptibility to Pollution (IKAPP). Surface water samples from Tukad Nyuling were analyzed based on physical and chemical parameters, and land suitability evaluation was also conducted by considering soil characteristics, such as permeability. The results showed that NSF-WQI values ranged from 69.96 to 79.78 within moderate to high limits while IKAPP water quality index values ranged from 23.69 within low vulnerability limits, this could be due to salinity constraints and contaminant indicators. A comparative rational analysis was then conducted which indicated that NSF-WQI is more suitable for use in the study area because it is able to capture variations in water quality that correlate with local physical, hydrological, and agroecological conditions. Integration of NSF-WQI results with land evaluation resulted in specific land management recommendations as well as crop suitability classifications, such as corn, green beans, chili, and other horticulture. This study concludes that in addition to being a representative measure of irrigation water quality, the application of the analysis supports efforts to improve less suitable land, through measures such as crop suitability evaluation, salinity management, and soil permeability improvement, thereby increasing agricultural productivity and supporting sustainable dryland management in Abang Sub-district.
BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS OF DRILLED PILE FOUNDATION AT THE ASN-4 IKN APARTMENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
The relocation of the capital city requires the development of various essential infrastructures to support the functions of the National Capital. ASN-4 IKN Apartment is one of the vertical housing projects that implements land efficiency by constructing high-rise buildings. A thorough analysis of foundation bearing capacity and settlement is necessary, given the unique soil conditions and the lack of previous research in the area. If the foundation does not have sufficient bearing capacity, it may lead to settlement due to the loads applied above it. Therefore, both analyses are crucial during the planning process and should be monitored during implementation through load testing on drilled piles to obtain values for bearing capacity and settlement. This analysis aims to calculate and compare the bearing capacity and settlement of the foundation using analytical methods, the finite element method with the assistance of PLAXIS 2D software, and field load testing through the PDA Test. The ultimate bearing capacity results obtained from the Reese and Wright method are 1076,820 tons, with PLAXIS 2D software 805,576 tons, and from the PDA Test 727 tons. The percentage comparison of bearing capacity values between the Reese and Wright method and the finite element method against the PDA Test are 48,118% and 10,808%. Meanwhile, the settlement values using the empirical method are 10,082 mm, with PLAXIS 2D software 2,742 mm, and from the PDA Test 2,3 mm. The percentage comparison of settlement values between the empirical method and the finite element method against the PDA Test are 1,070% and 0,061%.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE FAILURE PATTERN OF COHESIVE SOIL UNDER FINNED SLABS THROUGH LOAD TESTING
Rapid infrastructure development demands reliable road pavement systems, especially on expansive and low-bearing capacity cohesive soils. This research investigates the addition of fins to pavement slabs as an innovative rigid pavement design. The study investigates how fins and their varying inclination angles 0°, 30°, 60°, 90° affect failure patterns and bearing capacity in cohesive soil. Tests on five slab types revealed distinct behaviors. Finless slabs and those with 90° fins showed shallow local shear failure. The 0° finned slab formed wedge failure due to stress concentration. Slabs with 30° and 60° fin inclinations exhibited a more distributed failure pattern with a wider plastic zone, indicating efficient stress distribution. The highest ultimate bearing capacity was achieved by 60° finned slab, reaching 10.60 kN, followed by the 30° finned slab at 6.20 kN. The 0° finned slab showed the bearing capacity at 3.53 kN. These significantly outperformed the finless slab at 3.40 kN and the 90° finned slab at 4.00 kN. These findings suggest that specific fin configurations can significantly improve slab performance on cohesive soil, offering a solution for problematic soil conditions in rigid pavement systems.
EFFECT OF ASPHALT CONTENT ON THE SURFACE TEXTURE OF ASPHALT CONCRETE-WEARING COURSE (AC-WC) MIXTURE
Road preservation is carried out as an effort to improve road quality, evaluated through surface roughness levels, considering that adequate road texture is a crucial factor in ensuring rider safety and comfort. This study aims to analyze the relationship between variations in asphalt content and the Mean Texture Depth (MTD) value in asphalt mixtures. Surface roughness measurements obtained through the Sand Patch Method are expressed as MTD values representing average texture depth. Results for asphalt contents of 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, and 7% yielded MTD values of 0.59 mm, 0.54 mm, 0.48 mm, 0.36 mm, and 0.26 mm for the upper side; 0.45 mm, 0.48 mm, 0.41 mm, 0.32 mm, and 0.24 mm for the lower side; and 0.52 mm, 0.51 mm, 0.45 mm, 0.34 mm, and 0.25 mm for the combined upper-lower sides. The relationship between MTD and asphalt content was analyzed using linear regression with the coefficient of determination (R²) as the evaluation parameter. Asphalt content influenced texture depth by 66.34% (upper side), 47.3% (lower side), and 53.73% (combined sides). The Voids Filled with Bitumen (VFB) parameter significantly contributed to MTD variation, with influence levels of 41.3% (upper), 46.07% (lower), and 43.13% (combined). The analysis demonstrates that lower asphalt content produces rougher asphalt mixture surface textures. AC-WC mixture testing confirms that asphalt content affects MTD values.
Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil, Vol. 28 No. 2, September 2024
Cover and TOC Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil, Vol. 28 No. 2, September 2024
Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ROUTE SELECTION FOR PILE DISTRIBUTION AND INTERSECTION PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ALONG THE ROUTE
The distribution of piles to the installation site requires consideration of various factors, including travel time and route conditions to allow delivery vehicles to maneuver freely. This research aims to determine the optimal time and alternative routes for delivering piles from PT. Satriacipta Astakencana, located at Jl. Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Mantra Km. 14.5, Sukawati, Gianyar, to the NUGRAA Apartment project site on Jl. Pantai Batu Bolong Canggu. This is due to considerations of distance and delivery time, as well as the frequent traffic conflicts at the unsignalized intersection of Jl. Raya Canggu and Jl. Pantai Berawa. This study uses a method of collecting field survey data, observation, and literature studies. Route selection is based on the shortest distance and fastest time, while the delivery time through the intersection is determined according to the smallest average intersection delay. Based on the analysis, the alternative route via Route 1 from PT. Satriacipta Astakencana - Jl. Gatot Subroto- Jl. Raya Kerobokan - Jl. Raya Canggu - Jl. Pantai Batu Bolong to the delivery location, with a distance of 26.7 km, travel time of 49 minutes, and the selected departure time of 05.00 WITA, is recommended. The analysis shows that the intersection performance during peak hours (07.00-08.00 WITA) has an average delay of 40.42 seconds/smp at intersections I and II. The queue probability at both intersections has exceeded 100% with a level of service of E. Therefore, the suitable time to pass through the intersection is between 05.00-06.00 WITA with an average delay of 10.82 seconds/smp at intersection I and 10.12 seconds/smp at intersection II, with a level of service of B for both intersections..
THE EFFECT OF PRECURSOR-ACTIVATOR RATIO AND ACTIVATOR TYPE ON THE BULK DENSITY, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF ABUAN PUMICE-BASED GEOPOLYMER BINDER
This research developed a geopolymer binder based on pumice waste from Abuan Village, Kintamani, which is rich in silica and alumina, with a composition of SiO₂ 55.90%, Al₂O₃ 12.00%, CaO 6.25%, and other metals around 8.61%. The activators used are Na₂SiO₃ combined with either NaOH or KOH at a concentration of 12 M, with precursor-activator (P/A) ratios of 75%:25%, 70%:30%, and 65%:35% and an alkali ratio of NS/NH at 2:1. Cube samples 50 x 50 x 50 mm were analyzed to measure bulk density and compressive strength at 7, 14, and 28 days after being cured in an oven at 80°C for 72 hours. The bulk density test results for samples using NaOH showed an increase as the P/A ratio increased, but a decrease as the testing age increased. Then, the bulk density results for KOH samples showed the opposite trend both in terms of P/A ratio and age. The average compressive strength test for NaOH samples increased with the P/A ratio, and while it fluctuated by age, it continued to increase overall. The KOH samples followed a similar trend in P/A ratio but tended to decrease over time. This behavior is influenced by the chemical and physical properties of the activators used. Microstructural analysis was conducted using X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD) on the samples with the lowest and highest compressive strength. New minerals formed in NaOH samples, including Sodium Aluminosilicate, Albite, and Anorthite, while KOH samples showed formations of Dipotassium Sulfate (VI) – Alpha, Ht, Albite, and Cristobalite.
A STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF RAINWATER HARVESTING FOR RAW WATER NEEDS IN A CAMPUS AREA
One of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to ensure universal access to clean water. However, in practice, the availability of clean water often faces both quality and quantity challenges. Rainwater harvesting presents a viable alternative source of raw water that can be optimized to meet these needs. Preliminary observations at Universitas Tidar revealed that collected rainwater exhibited high turbidity levels and iron (Fe) content exceeding the quality standards set by the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017. This study was conducted in the campus area of Universitas Tidar to evaluate the effectiveness of various activated carbon media thicknesses and contact times in improving rainwater quality. The treatment system utilized a Vertical Flow Roughing Filter (Upflow type) consisting of zeolite gravel, activated carbon, silica sand, volcanic sand, and a water filter housing unit. Three different thickness variations of activated carbon were tested. The results demonstrated significant improvements in water quality, particularly in reducing turbidity and iron content. The best performance was observed at the 60th minute using an 80 cm thickness of activated carbon, achieving 93% turbidity reduction and 99% iron removal efficiency. Based on these findings, the treated rainwater meets sanitation standards and can be safely used for sanitation purposes within the Universitas Tidar campus environment.
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOR & PERFORMANCE OF MULTISTORY STEEL BUILDING STRUCTURES WITHOUT AND WITH STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS
Indonesia, as a region highly susceptible to earthquakes, necessitates the construction of earthquake-resistant buildings, particularly multi-story steel structures. Steel Plate Shear Walls (SPSWs) offer an effective solution for resisting lateral loads. This research compares the behavior and performance of three (3) building models: an Open Frame (OF) Model, a Uniform Thickness Steel Plate Shear Wall (SPSW-UT) Model, and a Varied Thicknesses Steel Plate Shear Wall (SPSW-VT) Model. Linear analysis are running with equivalent static to get the structural behaviour & pushover for nonlinear analysis to get the structural performance. In terms of structural behavior, the inclusion of SPSWs in both the SPSW-UT and SPSW-VT models significantly enhances structural stiffness, evidenced by a drastic reduction in the fundamental period compared to the OF Model (without SPSW). The SPSW-UT Model reduces inter-story drift by up to 34.23% (X-direction) and 50.69% (Y-direction), while the SPSW-VT Model also shows similar reductions of up to 30.98% (X-direction) and 49.80% (Y-direction) compared to the OF Model. From a performance point view’s, the SPSW-UT Model increases the maximum base shear by up to 20.19% (X-direction) and 32.29% (Y-direction), while the SPSW-VT Model increases it by up to 13.34% (X-direction) and 25.96% (Y-direction) compared to the OF Model. Furthermore, both SPSW models achieve an Immediate Occupancy (IO) performance level for both pushover directions, whereas the OF Model only reaches IO in the X-direction and Damage Control (DC) in the Y-direction, demonstrating a significant performance improvement due to the use of steel plate shear walls.
CLASH DETECTION ANALYSIS OF RSIA BUILDING CONSTRUCTION USING AUTODESK REVIT AND NAVISWORKS
Clashes between objects in construction projects often lead to delays, increased costs, and rework due to a lack of coordination between disciplines and the limitations of traditional clash detection technologies. This study evaluates the effectiveness of implementing clash detection based on Building Information Modeling (BIM) using Autodesk Revit and Navisworks in reducing rework, additional costs, and project duration. The research adopts a quantitative method using secondary data, including 3D models, time schedules, and Unit Price Analysis. The analysis identified a total of 964 clashes, consisting of 274 structure-MP clashes, 603 architectural-MP clashes, and 87 structure-architectural clashes. The implementation of clash detection resulted in a rework reduction of 0.34% and a total cost saving of 4.63%, which includes savings in structural work (0.08%), architectural work (7.76%), and mechanical-plumbing work (0.06%). Avoided rework includes the demolition of 4.93 m³ of concrete, 70.81 m² of walls, 1051.11 m² of ducting relayout, and 1.05 m of pipe relocation. Additionally, the potential time saving is estimated at 41.7 days or 7.79% of the total project duration.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SLOPE STABILITY REINFORCED WITH CORRUGATED CONCRETE SHEET PILE
Slope instability is a major geotechnical challenge in coastal and soft ground areas, often leading to structural damage and safety hazards. This study presents a numerical analysis of slope stability in Tanjung Batu, East Kalimantan, focusing on the effect of using Corrugated Concrete Sheet Pile (CCSP) as a slope reinforcement system. The analysis was conducted using PLAXIS 2D, applying the finite element method and strength reduction technique to evaluate changes in safety factor due to the installation of CCSP. The results show that the implementation of CCSP reinforcement significantly improves the slope's factor of safety, indicating increased stability under site-specific loading and soil conditions. In addition, deflection and structural performance evaluations of the selected sheet pile type (CCSP W-400) reveal that the maximum bending moment remains below both the cracking and ultimate moment capacities, confirming the adequacy of the structural design. This research demonstrates that CCSP is not only effective in improving slope stability but also structurally reliable under expected field conditions. The findings support the use of prefabricated concrete sheet piles as a practical and efficient solution for slope stabilization in similar geotechnical environments. Further studies incorporating field data and long-term performance monitoring are recommended.
ANALYSIS OF HEAVY EQUIPMENT USAGE FOR INLET CONDUIT WORK ON CIJUREY DAM PROJECT PACKAGE 1
Earth excavation work cannot be separated from the use of heavy equipment, where job performance is expected to be completed in a fast time at a minimum cost. Thus, it is necessary to calculate tool productivity to determine the combination of heavy equipment usage in a job. The productivity of heavy equipment can be determined based on the cycle time of working tools, where the cycle time of each tool has a difference depending on the size of the tool and the type of material being worked on. The method used by comparing productivity between heavy equipment is calculated by observing the cycle time of heavy equipment in completing the work. The productivity comparison obtained is used to calculate the most efficient tool requirements in a job which then calculates the costs that need to be incurred to complete a job. In this case, the efficiency of the combination of heavy equipment fleets can be done if the productivity between tools is far enough adrift. This efficiency value can affect the length of working time or equipment costs, or both. In this study, the efficiency of heavy equipment in the earth excavation work of the Cijurey Dam inlet area can be done through changes in the combination of heavy equipment fleets which originally used two excavators and four dump trucks to three excavators and four dump trucks. The results of heavy equipment efficiency show an acceleration of work time and a reduction in cost expenditure, the new fleet change of heavy equipment is using fleet 3 which can streamline time up to 80 working hours and reduces costs by Rp97,543,226.67.
EVALUATION OF REAL NEEDS NUMBER FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF DAMS IN BALI PROVINCE
An increase in population by 1.04% and crop area by 14.08% in Bali Province, will also increase the water needs. Dam as water infrastructure that supports water availability, is needed in overcoming the problem. Dams require operation and maintenance (O&M) to keep function optimally. Operation and maintenance costs need to be evaluated periodically with the real needs of operation and maintenance. Real needs of operation and maintenance suitability can guarantee the optimal functioning of the dam. This study evaluated the suitability of Balinese dam’s operation and maintenance, namely Benel Dam, Telaga Tunjung Dam, Gerokgak Dam, and Palasari Dam. Dam performance appraisals include physical, operational security, and institutional ranging from 0 to 100. The results the grouped into good, enough, less, and bad category. All four dams got “enough”, so their real needs number for operation and maintenance need to be evaluated. The evaluation showed that Gerogkak Dam had the largest real needs number for operation and maintenance value, which is IDR 28,767,099,149. The real needs of operation and maintenance value is consisted of ≥ 90% dredging’s cost. Dredging’s cost us mainly influenced by sediment’s volume. So, to reduce sediment’s volume and improve dam’s performance for irrigation, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of dam’s operation and maintenance. Efficient dam operation also necessary due to the limited operators. Building efficiencies that control sediment and water supply, must be increase aligned with water needs and reservoir conditions.