Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences
[E-ISSN: 2622-0628] [P-ISSN: 2549-6980] Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (also known as ATBES) is a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing and disseminating scientific knowledge in tropical biodiversity and environmental sciences worldwide for researchers and professionals. ATBES publishes in February-April, June-August, and October-December. The journal covers a wide range of topics and publishes original research papers, review articles, and short communications, as well as conceptual, technical, and methodological papers on all aspects of tropical biodiversity and environmental science studies, including research findings, experimental design, analysis, and recent applications. The journal distributes its publications worldwide in English. It includes scientific and technical topics from various areas that are important for tropical biodiversity and environmental sciences, such as studies on tropical biodiversity, classification of species, land and water ecology, wildlife management, biology, general veterinary medicine, the use of plants and animals in culture, growing tropical plants and animals, natural product chemistry, ecotourism, environmental cleanup and management, and tools like geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and other models for ecological research. ATBES now has Sinta 3 accreditation. Contact Us: Institute for Research and Community Services Udayana University Gedung LPPM Lantai 4 Bukit Jimbaran, Badung, Bali, Indonesia, 80361 E-mail: atbes@unud.ac.id Phone: (0361) 702772 081337891231 (WhatsApp/SMS) 081236118996 (WhatsApp/SMS)
Institute for Research and Community Services Udayana University (LP2M Universitas Udayana)
Sustainability Assessment of Cooperative-Based Community Forest Management in Bengkalis Regency, Indonesia
Community Forestry (HKm) is one of the social forestry programs in Indonesia that aims to improve community welfare while maintaining forest sustainability. This study aims to evaluate the sustainability status of HKm managed by the Sri Bina Daerah Consumer Cooperative in Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province. The study was conducted in a 3,235.36-hectare HKm area using a survey method through field observations, interviews, and literature studies. A total of 72 community respondents and four stakeholders were selected purposively. Sustainability analysis was conducted using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) with a modified Rapid Appraisal for Social Forestry (RAP-SPFA) approach on ecological, economic, and socio-cultural dimensions. The results showed that the ecological dimension had a sustainability index of 61.92 (fairly sustainable), supported by relatively adequate vegetation cover and moderate biodiversity. However, secondary vegetation was still dominated, natural forest was limited, and peat hydrological disturbances occurred due to drainage canals. The socio-cultural dimension obtained an index of 47.44 (less sustainable) due to the community's low dependence on HKm resources and the declining application of local wisdom in forest conservation. The economic dimension had the lowest index at 9.50 (unsustainable), reflecting the low contribution of community forests to community income, limited employment opportunities, and minimal diversification of forest-based businesses. Overall, community forest management still shows disparities across sustainability dimensions, necessitating strengthened community businesses, improved market access, restored peat ecosystems, and enhanced local participation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Phenolic-Rich Annona muricata L. Leaf Extract Provides Broad-Spectrum Photoprotection: Linking SPF Enhancement with UVB/UVA Transmission Reduction
The search for safer, more environmentally friendly ultraviolet (UV) filters has led to the exploration of bioactive plant compounds as alternatives to synthetic UV filters. This study evaluates the phytochemical composition and photoprotective potential of ethanol extracts from Annona muricata L. leaves as candidates for a natural photoprotective ingredient. The ethanol extract of soursop leaves contains polyphenolic secondary metabolites with a total phenolic content of 67.30 ± 1.27 mg GAE/g extract and a total flavonoid content of 63.62 ± 0.67 mg QE/g extract. These phenolic and flavonoid compounds contribute to photoprotective activity. With increasing extract concentrations, the SPF value rose significantly (p<0.05) to a maximum of 32.84 ± 0.75 at 1,000 µg/mL, suggesting a strong dose-response relationship between extract concentration and UVB protection (r ≈ 0.99). To achieve SPF 15, the soursop leaf ethanol extract required a concentration of 451.72 ± 1.09 µg/mL, while concentrations of 950.06 ± 1.42 µg/mL and 1,614.51 ± 1.37 µg/mL were needed for SPF 30 and SPF 50, respectively. The extract effectively blocks UVB radiation (measured by erythema percentage) and UVA radiation (measured by pigmentation percentage) at a concentration of 800 µg/mL. Overall, the ethanol extract of A. muricata L. leaves shows promise as a candidate for further evaluation as a natural photoprotective ingredient. These findings suggest that this extract could be developed as an active ingredient for multifunctional natural photoprotective formulations.
Effect of Giving Sea Salt Through Drinking Water to Broilers on the Total Plate Count of Bacteria, Coliforms, and Escherichia coli in Broiler Feces
The gastrointestinal microbiota plays an essential role in maintaining intestinal health, immune function, and productivity in broiler chickens. The growing concern about antimicrobial resistance arising from the prolonged use of antibiotic growth promoters has spurred exploration of natural alternatives to modulate gut microbial populations. Sea salt contains various minerals, including sodium, magnesium, potassium, and calcium, which may influence intestinal microbial ecology. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sea salt supplementation through drinking water on the Total Aerobic Bacterial Count (TABC), Coliforms, and Escherichia coli populations in broiler feces. A total of 72 CP 707 broiler chickens were assigned to four treatment groups: control without sea salt supplementation (S0), 1 g/L sea salt (S1), 2 g/L sea salt (S2), and 4 g/L sea salt (S3). Fecal samples were collected by cloacal swabbing at 0, 15, and 30 days of age. Bacterial enumeration was performed using Nutrient Agar and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that sea salt supplementation had no significant effect on TABC, Coliform, or E. coli counts (P>0.05). In contrast, broiler age significantly affected all bacterial parameters evaluated (P<0.05). Although lower bacterial counts were numerically observed in the 1 g/L and 2 g/L treatment groups compared with the control, these differences were not statistically significant. In conclusion, sea salt supplementation through drinking water at concentrations up to 4 g/L did not significantly reduce fecal bacterial populations in broiler chickens. Age-related microbial succession had a greater influence on bacterial dynamics than sea salt supplementation.
Anatomical Structure of Orchid Species (Orchidaceae) in Pengelengan Hill, Sukasada, Buleleng, Bali
Orchids are among the plants with the greatest diversity in the world. Orchids have several specialized structures, such as velamen and cuticles, which help protect them against unfavorable environmental conditions. The anatomical structure of a plant closely relates to how it adapts to its environment. Anatomical characteristics can support data on previously known species, complementing analyses beyond morphological and molecular data related to taxonomic classification. The aim of this study was to examine the variation in leaf anatomical structures among several orchid species found in the Pengelengan Hills, Sukasada, Bali. Sample collection was conducted using exploratory methods, and leaf anatomical structures were analyzed using cross-sectional and peeling methods. Based on the overall research findings, there were variations in the leaf anatomical structures among the five orchid species found in Pengelengan Hills, Sukasada, Buleleng, Bali. Variations were observed in the paradermal sections, showing differences in the arrangement of epidermal tissues. The variations include epidermal cell arrangement, cell shape, stomatal type, and epidermal derivatives. The arrangement of epidermal cells was categorized into two types: aligned and non-aligned. The shapes of epidermal cells observed include pentagonal, hexagonal, elongated, and irregular. The stomatal types observed include tetracytic and paracytic, and epidermal derivatives such as non-glandular trichomes were found in species B. hyacinthoides and M. oblitterata.
The Role of Home Gardens in Enhancing Food Security and Biodiversity in Pujon District, East Java: Insights From Local User’s Value Index (LUVI) Analysis
Homegardens have long been a vital traditional agroforestry system supporting the livelihoods of Indonesian communities, particularly in terms of food security. This study aims to deepen the understanding of the role of homegardens in national food security by focusing on a case study of the Local User Value Index (LUVI) for food crops in homegardens in Pujon, Malang Regency, East Java. The research methodology involved collecting local knowledge from the community and applying the Pebble Distribution Method (PDM) to calculate the significance value of plants across various utility categories (LUVI). The findings indicate that homegardens play a significant role in meeting local food needs, particularly through the production of food crops, vegetables, fruits, herbs, and natural dyes. Crops such as maize and cassava serve as important staple food alternatives in areas with limited agricultural land. The preference for plant usage is influenced by geographical factors, community preferences, and the utility of the plants. This study provides deeper insights into the potential of homegardens and their role in supporting food security, with the aim of contributing to the advancement of knowledge and agricultural policy development in the future.
Evaluation of Production Performance and Vibrio spp. Population Dynamics in Cantang Grouper at Different Stocking Densities in a Recirculating Aquaculture System
Cantang grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) is a hybrid fish with high economic value that is widely cultivated intensively using the Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS). This study aims to (1) evaluate the production performance of cantang grouper at three levels of stocking density, (2) document the population dynamics of presumptive Vibrio spp., and (3) analyze the relationship between Vibrio spp. density and fish growth. The study used a 120-day comparative case study design with three stocking density treatments: 30 heads/m³ (Tank 1), 50 heads/m³ (Tank 2), and 70 heads/m³ (Tank 3). Production performance was evaluated based on specific growth rate and survival rate, while presumptive Vibrio spp. were determined using Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose media. The relationship between Vibrio spp. density and SGR was analyzed using the Pearson correlation test. The results indicated that the best production performance was obtained at a stocking density of 30 heads/m³, while the lowest performance was observed at 70 heads/m³. The proportion of presumptive Vibrio spp. increases with stocking density, from 0.85% in Tank 1 to 2.15% in Tank 3. However, no significant association was found between presumptive Vibrio spp. density and decreased SGR (r = −0.185; p = 0.633; N = 9). Decreased production performance at high stocking density is thought to be related to space competition, physiological stress, and accumulation of toxic metabolites, although these mechanisms were not directly measured. Thus, stocking density is the main factor associated with the production performance of cantang grouper in the RAS system, while the increase in the population of presumptive Vibrio spp. plays a secondary role as an indicator of a decline in the quality of the cultivation environment
Xanthostemon novoguineensis: An Ethnobotany Perspective Towards Conservation of Endemic Species and Potentials for Renewable Energy
There is increasing interest in conserving plant endemics because they face a high risk of extinction in their natural habitats and support traditional functions for local communities. This perspective review paper aims to provide a view of the future of the ethnobotany of Xanthostemon novoguineensis, which can be used to conserve this plant in the forests of Papua Province, Indonesia. Thus, it is presented as a personal view on critical thinking about future challenges to protecting this plant. First, the history of this plant is described, from its invention in Papua New Guinea. Subsequently, a discussion of the ethnobotanical perspective on the conservation of X. novoguineensis, based on a recent literature review, is provided. The final section discusses the near-future challenge associated with X. novoguineensis and how the ethnobotanical perspective of Papuans, especially the Sentani tribes, may hold vital value for the sustainability of X. novoguineensis.
Correlation Between Intertidal Zone Fish Community and Water Parameters of Melasti Beach, Bali
The ocean and coastal waters have incredible ecosystem diversity, especially in the intertidal zone where tidal fluctuations occur. Although considered extreme, this zone supports many organisms with specialized adaptations to the physical and chemical conditions. As a result, the biodiversity and abundance of organisms in the intertidal zone are higher than in other habitats. Previous research highlights the importance of ecosystems such as coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves in supporting fish biodiversity in the intertidal zone, including ornamental and commercial species. Environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and salinity play significant roles in determining fish diversity, creating various microhabitats. Melasti Beach is the focus of research because it provides important habitats for various fish species and shows high biodiversity. This research is important for understanding and conserving the structure of intertidal fish communities. The research method consists of fish observation using Underwater Visual Census & capture, as well as measuring water parameters (salinity, pH, temperature, and phosphate), with data analysis covering species composition and abundance, ecological indices, and correlations between water parameters and species abundance. The research shows 28 fish families, totaling 74 species and 488 individuals during high tide, and 61 species and 236 individuals during low tide, with a moderate diversity index. Water parameters such as pH, temperature, salinity, and phosphate exhibit minor variations between high and low tides. During high tide, the results showed that water parameters were negatively correlated with species abundance. Similar to high tide conditions, during low tide, temperature and pH maintain a negative correlation, while salinity and phosphate are the opposite.
Identification of Endophytic Bacteria from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Lake Tondano as Potential Agents for Lead Bioremediation
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a herbaceous plant known to accumulate heavy metals from polluted waters. In Lake Tondano, this plant grows abundantly and helps reduce lead (Pb) levels through bioremediation. This study aimed to identify the genera of endophytic bacteria from water hyacinth (E. crassipes) that have potential as bioremediation agents for lead. This study employed an exploratory, descriptive, quantitative laboratory approach. Samples were collected from E. crassipes plants found in Lake Tondano at three different locations. The isolation method used was direct plating. The research stages included bacterial isolation, lead resistance testing at 50 ppm, lead reduction testing at 10, 20, and 30 ppm, lead concentration analysis, and bacterial identification using morphological and biochemical tests. Three isolates (EG.A1.5, EG.A2.4, and EG.D3.4) were found to be resistant and capable of reducing lead levels. The reduction percentages reached 35.9%, 72.2%, and 55.5%, respectively. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, the bacterial genera of three isolates were identified as Salmonella, Enterobacter, and Bacillus.
Evaluation of Sardinella lemuru Resource Status at the Nusantara Fisheries Port (NFP) Pengambengan
The lemuru (Sardinella lemuru) fishery at Pengambengan Nusantara Fishing Port (NFP) is vital to the local economy but faces challenges from fluctuating catches, potentially linked to overexploitation. This study evaluates the sustainability status of this fishery using the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) framework. Research conducted from May 2024 to July 2024 employed a mixed-methods approach, including direct observation, surveys, and interviews with 110 fishers, alongside biological data from 2,653 fish specimens. A multi-criteria analysis was used to calculate a composite sustainability index. The overall assessment yielded a score of 73,33 ('good' status), indicating that fisheries management at PNFP is generally satisfactory. However, critical issues were identified: a declining trend in fish size and inadequate management of Endangered, Threatened, and Protected (ETP) species. The study concludes that while the fishery is currently well-managed, urgent interventions are needed. Key recommendations include enforcing regulations on minimum catchable size and net mesh selectivity, alongside strengthening monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS) to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing and ensure long-term sustainability.
Orchid Inventory along The Wongaya Gede Trekking Route of Mount Batukaru, Tabanan, Bali - Indonesia
Orchids are among the most diverse groups of flowering plants, with a wide distribution. However, updated information on their distribution in Mount Batukaru, Bali, remains limited. The mountain was designated as a Cagar Alam (nature reserve) in 2020, highlighting the need for baseline data to support conservation efforts. This study aimed to document orchid species along the western slope through exploration surveys conducted from November 2024 to May 2025 across an elevation gradient from 831 to 2,276 m asl. Data were collected through direct field observations and photographic documentation, while species identification was verified using standard taxonomic references. A total of 25 species were recorded, representing two subfamilies, Epidendroideae (24 species) and Orchidoideae (one species, Corymborkis veratrifolia). Several species not reported in the previous study, including Arundina graminifolia, Calanthe zollingeri, Coelogyne speciosa, and Dendrobium spathilingue, were identified. Notably, Bulbophyllum ovalifolium corresponded to the MB2 (Mount Batukaru 2) variant previously reported from Mount Batukaru. The updated data can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of nature reserve designation and guide future conservation strategies.
Species Composition of Macrofungi in Various Ecosystem in Badung Regency, Bali
Badung Regency is one of the administrative regions located in Bali Province with diverse ecosystems due to high topographic variations. This topographic heterogeneity affects the region's biodiversity, including the diversity of macrofungi. Macrofungi possess distinctive morphological features and potential uses, however, data regarding their diversity in this region remain insufficient. This research aims to assess the species diversity of macrofungi across five ecosystem types (karst, mangrove, lowland, riparian, and highland ecosystems) in Badung Regency, Bali. The research was conducted from January to May 2025 using the belt transect method, with transect placement by purposive sampling. The results revealed that the composition of macrofungi species in Badung regency comprised of 70 species, categorized in 43 genera and 26 families. Polyporaceae is the family with the highest number of species (18 species) which dominated by genus Trametes (eight species). The highland ecosystem in Jempanang recorded the highest species richness (39 species) and the highest diversity index (H'=3.00). On the contrary, the karst ecosystem in Ungasan exhibited the lowest species richness (three species) and diversity index (H’=0.60). The highest genus similarity index was observed between the lowland and riparian ecosystems (SI=59.26%). Conversely, the lowest was between karst and mangrove ecosystems (SI=0.00%). Environmental factors such as air temperature, air humidity, soil pH, soil temperature, soil moisture, and the presence of organic substrates are related to the occurrence and distribution of macrofungi across the research sites.
Analysis of Abundance and Composition of Culturable Bacteria and Their Relationship with Water Quality Parameters in Intensive Shrimp Ponds
Intensive cultivation of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) is a crucial pillar of the aquaculture economy, but it faces sustainability challenges due to water-quality degradation driven by microbial activity. This study aims to analyze the total bacterial count (TBC) and total Vibrio count (TVC), identify the dominant culturable bacterial genera, and determine their statistical relationship with physicochemical water quality parameters in intensive shrimp ponds. The research methodology included regular sampling of water and sediment over one cultivation cycle. Water quality was analyzed using standard methods, while bacterial enumeration was performed using the spread plate technique on Marine Agar and Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose Agar media. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to test the relationship between variables. The results show that some water quality parameters, particularly ammonia and TOM, tended to increase and exceed the SNI 01-7246-2006 quality standard as the cultivation cycle progressed. The abundance of TBC and TVC in sediment (average 106−107CFU/g) was significantly higher than in the water column (average 104−105 CFU/mL). Correlation analysis revealed a strong and significant negative relationship between DO and TBC (r=−0.85, p<0.01) and TVC (r=−0.79, p<0.01). Conversely, a strong and significant positive correlation was found between TOM and TBC (r=0.91, p<0.01) and TVC (r=0.88, p<0.01), as well as between ammonia and both TBC and TVC. It is concluded that the abundance of culturable bacteria, especially TBC and TVC, serves as a sensitive biological indicator of organic load and ecological stress in intensive pond systems. The strong predictive relationship between these microbial metrics and key parameters, such as DO and TOM, underscores the importance of microbiological monitoring for proactive management and improved sustainability in aquaculture.
Socio-Economic Domain Assessment of the EAFM Approach in the Bullet Tuna Fishery at Prigi Nusantara Fishing Port (PPN), Trenggalek, East Java
The capture fisheries landed at the Nusantara Fishing Port (PPN) in Prigi, Trenggalek, East Java, play a strategic role in influencing the social and economic conditions of fishing households. The production of bullet tuna is highly volatile, which in turn impacts these socio-economic conditions. This study aims to analyze the assessment of the social and economic domains in the implementation of EAFM for the bullet tuna fishery at PPN Prigi. It employs a qualitative method using the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM), which integrates social and economic aspects as a potential solution to achieve sustainable fisheries management and improve fishers' welfare. Data collection techniques included field observations and interviews with 98 fishers who use purse seine and Danish seine gear. The findings indicate that the social domain is rated as 'good' with a composite score of 66. This rating is characterized by a low potential for conflict, which is crucial to maintain, although stakeholder participation and the utilization of local knowledge are not yet optimal. The economic domain was classified as "moderate" with a score of 53, attributed to low ownership of productive assets and highly vulnerable income levels, which limit fishers' capacity to save. It is recommended that the government address the socio-economic vulnerabilities of fishers in an integrated manner, by strengthening regulation and mediation to mitigate potential conflicts, while simultaneously initiating productive asset assistance and business diversification programs supported by financial literacy.
Exopolysaccharides-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria in Marinated Pakoba (Syzygium luzonense Merr.) Fruit
Pakoba fruit is one of the endemic flora of North Sulawesi which is rich in nutrients and has the potential to be fermented. The fermentation process occurs due to the bacteria in the fruit, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB). One of the interesting products from LAB fermentation is that it can produce secondary metabolites which have the potential to produce exopolysaccharides, namely high molecular weight and biodegradable polymers. This research aims to determine whether LAB can be obtained from fermentation of Pakoba marination and what types of LAB produce exopolysaccharides based on their phenotypic characteristics. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method to characterize the type of LAB and observe the exopolysaccharides produced by the bacteria. This research succeeded in isolating and identifying 10 LAB isolates based on their morphological and biochemical characters. Four isolates named MP(1)5.2, MP(1)7.1, MP(3)6.3, MP(3)7.2 can produce exopolysaccharides with a soft character but not mucus, where bacterial exopolysaccharides are believed to increase probiotics in the digestive tract. Genus level recognition (generic assignment) based on profile matching revealed that these four bacteria were from the genus Lactobacillus.
Copyright (c) 2025 Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness Test of Immobilization of Aspergillus niger Fungi with Different Biomass on Hexavalent Chromium (Cr VI) in Water
Heavy metal contamination with Cr(VI) in aquatic environments is a serious concern due to its high toxicity and mobility. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of immobilized Aspergillus niger in sodium alginate with different biomass concentrations (0 g, 0.1 g, 0.3 g, and 0.5 g) in reducing Cr(VI) content in water. The research was conducted from March to May 2025 using a quantitative experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (RAL), consisting of four treatments and three replications. The bioremediation process lasted 5 days, and Cr(VI) concentration was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 540 nm, with the data analyzed in Microsoft Excel. The results indicated that each biomass treatment exhibited varying levels of Cr(VI) removal. The treatments T3, T1, T2, and T0 (control) showed the highest to lowest effectiveness, with values of 39.4%, 32.4%, 30.7%, and 28.0%, respectively. The rate of Cr(VI) reduction increased with increasing fungal biomass, but not in a straight line across all treatments. The metal removal process occurred through biosorption and bioaccumulation mechanisms, influenced by factors such as initial metal concentration, particle size, and the availability of functional groups on the fungal cell wall and alginate matrix. This study demonstrates that immobilized Aspergillus niger can reduce Cr(VI) content in water, although its effectiveness is not yet optimal.
Identification of Microplastics in Three Fish Species in Tondano Lake, Minahasa, Indonesia
Microplastic pollution is a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health, particularly in Indonesia, a major contributor to plastic waste. This study investigated the presence and characteristics of microplastics in three commonly consumed fish species from Tondano Lake, North Sulawesi: mujair (Oreochromis mossambicus), payangka baru (Oxyeleotris marmorata), and payangka lama (Ophiocara poropechala). Analysis of gills and gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) from 11 fish samples revealed microplastic contamination in all species. Mujair exhibited the highest microplastic abundance, predominantly fragments in both gills and GIT. Payangka baru showed more fibers in the GIT and fragments in the gills, while payangka lama had more fibers in the GIT and fragments in the gills. A positive correlation was observed between fish body weight and microplastic accumulation in the GIT, but not the gills. The findings confirm microplastic contamination in Tondano Lake fish, highlighting the need for stricter waste management and further research on human health implications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparison of Insect Diversity in Long Bean (Vigna sinensis L.) and Corn (Zea mays) Plantations in Banjarsari Village, Serang City, Banten
This study aims to compare the diversity of insect species and their ecological roles in two types of crops, namely long beans (Vigna sinensis L.) and corn (Zea mays), cultivated in Banjarsari Village, Serang City, Banten. The study was conducted over two days in March 2025, utilizing observation and sampling methods with a single-sweep technique in both the morning and afternoon sessions. The results showed that the long bean plantation had higher insect diversity compared to the corn plantation. In total, 14 insect species were identified, belonging to 11 families and five orders, with ecological functions classified as herbivores, predators, and pollinators. The species Valanga nigricornis was the most dominant herbivore, especially on long bean plants. Meanwhile, species from the Formicidae and Libellulidae families acted as natural predators, and the species Apis cerana and Ropalidia marginata functioned as pollinators. Environmental factors, including vegetation type, soil moisture, and food availability, influenced the presence of various insect types. The results of this study underscore the significance of insect diversity as an indicator of agricultural ecosystem stability, as well as a crucial component in the management of sustainable agroecosystems.
Analysis of the Distribution of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Bali: Water Quality and PCR Study
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is a pathogen responsible for white spots, typically 0.5–2 mm in diameter, on the shrimp cephalothorax. WSSV is capable of causing mass mortality rates of up to 100% within 3 to 10 days of symptom onset. The rapid transmission and detection challenges associated with WSSV have resulted in significant economic losses for Indonesian shrimp farmers. In Bali, Litopenaeus vannamei (Vannamei shrimp) is the second-largest marine aquaculture commodity after seaweed, with major seed production centered in the Gerokgak and Seririt Districts of Buleleng Regency. Given the difficulty in controlling WSSV, identifying its emergence and characteristics is critical. This study aimed to determine the distribution of WSSV in Bali by examining the relationship between water quality and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detection results, and by analyzing the correlation between water quality, WSSV incidence, and mortality rates in monitoring ponds. The research focused on PCR analysis and water quality assessment of Vannamei shrimp from the Karangasem, Buleleng, and Jembrana Regencies, conducted by the Indonesian Quarantine Agency (BKI). Water quality parameters, including temperature, transparency, pH, DO, salinity, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, and phosphate, were measured using test kits. The study detected no WSSV during the examination period. PCR analysis showed amplification products ranging from 200 to 400 bp, distinct from the standard WSSV-positive marker at 941 bp. Furthermore, all water quality samples met the criteria and compliance parameters established by the Animal, Fish, and Plant Quarantine Center (BBKKIT).
Exploring Eggshell Waste and Calotropis gigantea Fibers for Eco-Friendly Ceiling Board Applications
The prohibition of asbestos in ceiling board production, due to its serious health risks, has prompted the search for safer and more sustainable alternatives. Current solutions often rely on non-renewable synthetic fibers, which pose environmental concerns. This study investigates the potential of using two abundant tropical waste materials—Calotropis gigantea leaves and eggshells—as renewable reinforcements in biocomposite ceiling boards. In Indonesia, eggshell waste from households and the food service industry amounts to approximately 483,920 tons annually, while C. gigantea grows widely along the country's coastal areas. The biocomposites were formulated by combining leaf fiber powder and eggshell-derived calcium carbonate (32.63–33.92% CaCO₃) in a resin matrix at various ratios. The resulting panels were evaluated through density, water absorption, drop resistance, and gradual heating tests. All samples exceeded the national density standard (SNI 03-2105) and demonstrated superior water and thermal resistance compared to commercial gypsum and kalsiboard panels. No sample failed under impact or heating up to 200°C. The presence of CaCO₃ contributed to improved mechanical and thermal performance while supporting the substitution of cement-based materials. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing post-consumer and plant-based tropical waste in environmentally friendly construction materials, offering a promising pathway for sustainable resource use, waste reduction, and green building practices in tropical regions.
Isolation and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Klebsiella spp. from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broiler Chickens in Poultry Farms in Bali
The poultry sector in Bali has experienced substantial growth, accompanied by a notable increase in broiler chicken populations. Information on Klebsiella spp. outbreaks in Bali has not yet been studied, despite the many potential infectious diseases that may affect broiler chickens on a large scale. Klebsiella spp. is an opportunistic pathogen that can induce severe respiratory disease in poultry, carrying a potential risk of zoonotic transmission. Furthermore, the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance among Klebsiella strains poses a critical challenge to effective therapeutic interventions. This study was conducted to isolate and identify Klebsiella spp. from the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens in commercial farms across Bali, and to assess the antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates against multiple antibiotic agents. A cross-sectional study with a total of 25 cloacal swabs was conducted, and the swabs were subjected to microbiological analysis. Isolation was performed using selective MacConkey Agar (MCA), followed by Gram staining, biochemical identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing through the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Two out of 25 (8%) samples were positively identified as Klebsiella spp. All of these positive isolates showed complete resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. Additionally, the positive isolates also exhibited intermediate resistance against kanamycin, while 50% of the isolates demonstrated susceptibility to chloramphenicol. These findings confirm the presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains among the isolates examined. The outcomes of this research emphasize the urgent need for a rigorous study to identify potential outbreaks caused by Klebsiella spp., throughout commercial farms in Bali and stringent monitoring and regulation of antibiotic usage within the poultry industry to mitigate the proliferation of antimicrobial resistance, thereby safeguarding animal health and preventing potential risks to public health.
Analysis of Weed Diversity, Density and Dominance on Rice Plants in Minahasa, South Minahasa, North Minahasa, and Tomohon Regency
This study investigates the diversity of weeds in rice plants across Minahasa, South Minahasa, North Minahasa, and Tomohon regency, focusing on the environmental factors influencing the distribution and density of weeds. The research highlights that the diversity of weeds is significantly influenced by environmental factors such as rainfall, soil type, and water management practices applied by farmers. Species such as Marsilea crenata and Panicum disticum dominate areas with poor drainage, while Ludwigia hexandra and Fimbristylis litoralis thrive in fields with better drainage. Observations of weed density at 21 and 42 days after planting revealed that the competition between paddy and weeds changes as the paddy plants mature, with the initial dominance of weeds decreasing as the paddy plants grow stronger. The findings provide valuable insights into weed dynamics and the significant role environmental conditions play in determining their distribution. These results offer guidance for developing more effective and environmentally sustainable weed management strategies. Recommendations include selective herbicide use, mechanical soil cultivation, crop rotation, and improved water management. The study also suggests that further research is needed to assess the impact of climate change on weed diversity and the long-term effectiveness of weed management practices.
Population Density and Diversity of Macrozoobenthos in Seagrass Ecosystems in the Coastal Area of Tablolong Village
The presence of macrozoobenthos associated with seagrass ecosystems plays an important role in ecological systems and bioindicators for water quality assessment. This study aims to determine the density and diversity of macrozoobenthos populations in seagrass ecosystems in the tourism area in the coastal area of Tablolong village, West Kupang district, Kupang regency. The data collection method in this study was the observation method using the quadrant transect technique. The data collected in this study were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The findings of this study revealed 38 macrozoobenthos species including Hemicantrotus pulcherimus, Tripneustes gratilla, Echinotrix sp, Echinometra sp, Diadema setosum, Holthuria atra, Synapta macullata, Holothuria edulis, Archaster typicus, Protoreaster nodosus, Heniricia sp, Ophiotrix sp, Paguristes cadenati, Coenobita rugosus, Portunus sp, Eurynoma aspera, Calappa hepatica, Trocus sp, Strombus luhuanus, Lambis-lambis, Strombus gibherulis, Strombus urceus, Strombus costatus, Cypraea trigis, Cypraea errones, Euspira sp, Cymatium sp, Vexillum sp, Amoria sp, Conus marmoreus, Conus colubrinus, Jorunna parva, Fragrum sp, Frachycardium sp, Maetra sp, Pina sp, Xenophora sp, and Andara antiquate, then population densities between 25.47-59.93 ind/m² with an average value of 44.0 ind/m² or in the low category, as well as the diversity value ranging from 0.317-0.368 with an average value of 0.348 or also in the low category.
Water Quality Assessment for Mariculture in the Waters of Legundi Island, Pesawaran District, Indonesia
Indonesia has an extensive maritime zone, but its fisheries production achievement remains low. The potential of this marine area should be optimally utilized to boost mariculture production. This study aims to analyze the suitability level of the waters around Legundi Island for use as a mariculture site. The research method used is descriptive statistical analysis. Data collection was conducted at 12 sample points, determined using the purposive sampling method, through on-site observations and the interpretation of Google satellite images. Sample points were distributed at each location near residential areas. The results of this study show that the waters of Labuan Agung have the highest value, with an average of 96.5%, while the waters of Selesung have the lowest value at 91.6%. Overall, the waters around Legundi Island fall into the S1 (very suitable) classification with an average score of 93.8%. In conclusion, Legundi Island possesses regional characteristics that indicate significant potential for mariculture development.
Abundance and Characteristics of Microplastics in Coral Reefs at Penimbangan Waters
Coral reefs are a vital component of marine ecosystems, playing a crucial role in providing and protecting marine biodiversity. However, recent studies have found the presence of microplastics in corals, which have been proven to threaten their health. This study aims to identify the abundance and characteristics of microplastics in coral reefs in the waters of Penimbangan Beach. A total of 12 coral samples were collected from two stations selected based on the presence of coral reefs in the area and then analyzed in the laboratory. Microplastic separation was carried out using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. Subsequently, an analysis was conducted to determine the abundance and identify the shape, size, and color of the microplastics. The research results showed that the highest microplastic abundance was found at Station 1 (3.5 particles/gram), while the lowest was at Station 2 (1.6 particles/gram). The characteristics of microplastics found were predominantly fibers (94.6%), followed by fragments and granules. The most commonly found microplastic size was 0.001–1 mm (53%), followed by 1–5 mm. The dominant microplastic color was black, followed by blue, red, transparent, and brown.
Important Value Index (IVI) of Soil Macrofauna in the Traditional Oil Mining Area of Wonocolo
The Wonocolo traditional oil mining area has oil exploitation activities that have the potential to affect the existence and diversity of soil macrofauna. Soil macrofauna play an essential role in maintaining the balance of the soil ecosystem through the processes of organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling, and soil structure formation. This study aims to evaluate the Importance Value Index (IVI) of soil macrofauna in the Wonocolo traditional oil mining area and analyze the effect of mining activities on the macrofauna community. The research method employed is a quantitative descriptive approach, utilizing a stratified random sampling technique based on the density of oil wells per hectare. Data were collected through field observations, measurements of soil physical and chemical parameters (pH and temperature), and identification and quantification of soil macrofauna. Data analysis was conducted by calculating the IVI based on the density, frequency of presence, and dominance of each species. The results showed that traditional oil mining activities affected the composition and dominance of soil macrofauna. Several species had high IVI values, indicating their essential role in the soil ecosystem, while other species experienced population declines due to environmental changes. This study concludes that oil mining activities impact the existence and diversity of soil macrofauna; therefore, environmental management efforts are necessary to maintain the balance of the soil ecosystem in the area.
Analysis of Sulfate and Cadmium Distribution in Groundwater in Wonocolo Traditional Oil Mining Area, Bojonegoro Regency
Wonocolo Village in Bojonegoro Regency is one of the traditional oil mining areas that still contains old Dutch oil wells. The presence of these wells has the potential to affect groundwater quality. Petroleum that contaminates the soil can seep into groundwater, posing a serious threat to areas that rely on it as a source of clean water. This study aims to evaluate groundwater parameters, including temperature, pH, cadmium, and sulfate, by the standards set by the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017, specifically regarding hygiene, sanitation, and public baths. Sampling was conducted using a purposive sampling method at 14 points. Data analysis was performed using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method. The results showed that in the densely populated southern part of the study area, the temperature at sampling point SG 13 reached 35°C, and cadmium levels across all samples ranged from 0.059 to 0.156 mg/L, exceeding the permitted quality standards. In contrast, pH and sulfate values met the quality standards set by Permenkes No. 32 of 2017. Therefore, efforts are necessary to reduce cadmium levels in the groundwater of Wonocolo Village, Bojonegoro Regency.
Identification of Bacteria Isolated from Sea Urchin (Diadema setosum) Gonads Inhibiting Pseudomonas fluorescens and Staphylococcus aureus Growth
Sea urchins are organisms that have antibacterial, antitumor, and anticancer abilities. The gonads can be used as a food source because they store 28 kinds of amino acids, vitamin B complex. This research aims to determine the type of bacteria from the gonads of sea urchins (Diadema setosum) which have inhibitory power against the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research used an exploratory method which was analyzed descriptively, using stages in which sea urchin samples were taken and antibacterial tests against Pseudomonas fluorescens and Staphylococcus aureus from sea urchin gonads using the spread method. The media used for the process of isolating bacteria from the gonads of the sea urchin Diadema setosum is Nutrient Agar (NA) media. Isolate colonies that grew after incubation for 24 hours were separated based on differences in colony morphology. Morphological characterization of bacterial cells begins with gram staining. The diameter of the inhibition zone in the test bacteria shows different shapes. The research obtained 8 bacterial isolates, namely isolates B1-B8 which were gram-negative. The eight bacterial isolates have the potential as antibacterials against the test bacteria P. fluorescens and S. aureus. Isolates B1, B2, B3, B7 are similar to the genus Proteus, while isolates B4, B5, B6, and B8 are similar to the genus Citrobacter. The diameter of the largest inhibition zone in the P.fluorescens test bacteria, namely isolate B1, was 9.03 mm. Meanwhile, the smallest diameter for isolate B7 was 6.97 mm. In the S.aureus test bacteria, the largest diameter in isolate B1 was 11.09 mm. Meanwhile, the smallest diameter for isolate B4 was 8.57 mm.
Detection of Klebsiella spp. Causing Subclinical Mastitis in Sows on Farms in Puhu Village, Gianyar, Bali
Subclinical mastitis is a disease that quite often affects sows during lactation without any apparent clinical symptoms, one of which is caused by Klebsiella Spp. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of pig milk and whether Klebsiella spp. was detected in the pig milk. Thirty-four samples were tested using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) method, and samples positive for subclinical mastitis were further tested using MacConkey media. Additional tests were conducted, including the TSIA biochemical test and microscopic examinations of the growing bacterial isolates, to confirm the bacterial identity. The results of this study showed that 29 out of 34 positive samples had subclinical mastitis with different levels of severity. According to the laboratory results, the presence of Klebsiella spp (85%) bacteria was identified. The results of this study indicate that subclinical mastitis caused by Klebsiella spp remains a significant threat in pig farms in Puhu Village, Payangan Subdistrict, Gianyar Regency, particularly when cage sanitation and management are not optimal. Early detection and improved husbandry systems are needed to prevent similar incidents.
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Protozoa Infection in Piglets on Pig Breeding Farms in Gianyar Regency, Bali.
Gastrointestinal protozoan infections, including those caused by Eimeria sp., Cystoisospora sp., Entamoeba sp., and Balantidium sp., can result in significant livestock losses. This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of gastrointestinal protozoan infections and compare the prevalence rates between suckling and weaned piglets on pig breeding farms in Gianyar Regency. A total of 216 piglet fecal samples were analyzed, comprising 87 samples from the suckling phase and 129 from the weaned phase. Gastrointestinal protozoa were identified through morphological examination, utilizing the sedimentation method for Balantidium sp. and Entamoeba sp., and the saturated salt flotation method for Coccidia examination. Differences in the prevalence of protozoan infections between suckling and weaned piglets were assessed using the Chi-Square Test with IBM SPSS Statistics. The findings indicated that the prevalence of gastrointestinal protozoan infections in piglets on breeding farms in the Gianyar Regency was 51.85% (112/216). The identified protozoa included Balantidium sp. (37.96%), Entamoeba sp. (25.92%), and Coccidia (7.87%). The prevalence of gastrointestinal protozoan infections in suckling piglets was 35.63% (31/87), whereas that in weaned piglets was 62.79% (81/129), demonstrating a significant difference (p=0,0001). There were diverse infections, with some piglets harboring more than one protozoan type. The prevalence rate of gastrointestinal protozoan infections was deemed high, with weaned piglets exhibiting greater susceptibility to infection than suckling piglets.