The effect of CSR performance on profitability with CEO’s education and tenure as moderators

Authors

  • Mas Medhayani Gusti Ayu Agung Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Udayana, Indonesia
  • Krisnadewi Komang Ayu Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Udayana, Indonesia

Keywords:

CSR performance, profitability, CEO’s education, CEO’s tenure

Abstract

This research generates empirical proof of how CSR performance influences profitability and determine whether CEO's education level and business education, and CEO's tenure enhance the influence of CSR performance on profitability. Consumer goods manufacturing companies that went public on IDX between 2021 and 2023 constitute the population, with the sample selected through purposive sampling. MRA served as the method for analyzing the data. Results indicate that CSR performance has no significant influence on profitability, CEO’s education level and tenure enhance CSR performance’s influence on profitability, and CEO’s business education weakens CSR performance’s influence on profitability. This study carries theoretical implications that confirm the upper echelon theory and the practical implication is to help manufacturing companies increase profitability by presenting an insight into the relevance of the CEO’s education level and tenure.

References

Abdullah, H. (2024). Corporate social responsibility and firm performance from developing markets: The role of audit committee expertise. Sustainable Futures, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100268

Ahadiat, A., Shamim, A., Jimad, H., & Kesumah, F. S. D. (2024). Assessing the impact of sustainability report disclosures and CEO attributes on the Indonesian energy sector: implications for capital market performance. Cogent Business and Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2392044

Ali, R., Rehman, R. U., Suleman, S., & Ntim, C. G. (2022). CEO attributes, investment decisions, and firm performance: New insights from upper echelons theory. Managerial and Decision Economics, 43(2), 398–417. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3389

Altuwaijri, B. M., & Kalyanaraman, L. (2020). CEO education-performance relationship: Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(8), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2020.VOL7.NO8.259

Angela, A., Hidayat, V. S., & Oktavianti, O. (2021). The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure on Profitability and Company Value. Accruals (Accounting Research Journal of Sutaatmadja), 5(01), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.35310/accruals.v5i01.629

Arianti, Y. D., & Pebriyani, D. (2025). Pengaruh Corporate Sustainability Performance terhadap Corporate Financial Performance dengan Karakteristik CEO sebagai Variabel Moderasi. Jurnal Eksplorasi Akuntansi, 7(1), 196–214.

Aryani, R., & Saputra, D. (2024). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Leverage, dan Financial Distress terhadap Nilai Perusahaan pada Perusahaan Sektor Consumer Non-Cyclicals yang Terdaftar di BEI Periode 2020-2022. Journal of Islamic Finance and Accounting Research, 3(2), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.25299/jafar.2024.18081.

Barman, S., & Mahakud, J. (2024). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: Do group affiliation and mandatory corporate social responsibility norms matter? IIMB Management Review, 36(3), 256–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2024.06.003

Barsyah, N. L., & Hermi, H. (2025). Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Profitabilitas pada Perusahaan Consumer Non-Cyclical Tahun 2021-2023. Jurnal Inovasi Ekonomi Syariah Dan Akuntansi, 2(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.61132/jiesa.v2i2.847

Berlian, S., Sumarsono, H., & Warni Wahyuningsih, D. (2022). The Importance of The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Characteristics in relation to Firm Value. JIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Keuangan dan Perbankan, 12(1), 128-136. https://doi.org/10.34010/jika.v12i1.7329

Boakye, D. J., Tingbani, I., Ahinful, G. S., & Nsor-Ambala, R. (2021). The relationship between environmental management performance and financial performance of firms listed in the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) in the UK. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124034

Brigham, E. F., & Houston, J. F. (2021). Fundamentals of Financial Management. Chengage Learning.

Brogi, M., & Lagasio, V. (2019). Environmental, social, and governance and company profitability: Are financial intermediaries different? Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(3), 576–587. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1704

Chen, Y. C., Hung, M., & Wang, Y. (2018). The effect of mandatory CSR disclosure on firm profitability and social externalities: Evidence from China. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 65(1), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2017.11.009

Cho, S. J., Chung, C. Y., & Young, J. (2019). Study on the relationship between CSR and financial performance. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020343

Drianita, A. N., & Hasibuan, H. T. (2021). Corporate Social Responsibility dan Kinerja Keuangan dengan Ukuran Perusahaan sebagai Variabel Moderasi. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 31(10), 2518. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2021.v31.i10.p09

Dovanov, R., & Lubis, A. W. (2024). Peran Moderasi Tingkat Pendidikan Direktur Utama dalam Pengaruh Likuiditas, Solvabilitas dan ESG Terhadap Kinerja Operasional Perusahaan. Syntax Literate. (9)9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v9i9

Farhan, M., Helmy, H., & Afriyanti, M. (2019). Pengaruh Machiavellian dan Love of Money terhadap Persepsi Etika Penggelapan Pajak dengan Religiusitas sebagai Variabel Moderasi (Studi Empiris Pada Wajib Pajak di Kota Padang). Jurnal Eksplorasi Akuntansi, 1(1), 470–486.

Ganesh, M. K., & Venugopal, B. (2024). Challenges, Practice and Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Sustainable Development of Environment and Society. Revista de Gestao Social e Ambiental, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n1-067

Ghardallou, W. (2022). Corporate Sustainability and Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of CEO Education and Tenure. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063513

Ghardallou, W., Borgi, H., & Alkhalifah, H. (2020). CEO Characteristics and Firm Performance: A Study of Saudi Arabia Listed Firms*. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(11), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no11.291

Gillan, S. L., Koch, A., & Starks, L. T. (2021). Firms and social responsibility: A review of ESG and CSR research in corporate finance. Journal of Corporate Finance, 66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.101889

Juniarti. (2020). Does mandatory CSR provide long-term benefits to shareholders? Social Responsibility Journal, 17(6), 776–794. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-03-2019-0114

Kabir, M. A., & Chowdhury, S. S. (2023). Empirical analysis of the corporate social responsibility and financial performance causal nexus: Evidence from the banking sector of Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Management Review, 28(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2022.01.003

King, T., Srivastav, A., & Williams, J. (2016). What’s in an education? Implications of CEO education for bank performance. Journal of Corporate Finance, 37, 287–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.01.003

Kusumawati, R., Asyilah, N. H., & Bukhori, I. (2022). Corporate Social Responsibility’s (CSR) Impact on Financial Performance: Moderating Effects of Earnings Management and Leverage. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis, 13(2), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.18196/mb.v13i2.12888

Lee, S. M., Sinha, P. N., Bae, J. E., & Lee, Y. K. (2022). Does CEO tenure moderate the link between corporate social responsibility and business performance in small- and medium-sized enterprises? Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1037245

Limbong, C. H. (2019). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility pada Perusahaan Pertambangan yang Terdaftar di BEI. Jurnal Ecobisma, 6(2), pp. 114-128. https://doi.org/10.36987/ecobi.v6i2.11.

López-Muñoz, J. F., & Escribá-Esteve, A. (2017). An upper echelons perspective on information technology business value. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 23(3), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2017.02.003

Maqbool, S., & Zameer, M. N. (2018). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: An empirical analysis of Indian banks. Future Business Journal, 4(1), 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbj.2017.12.002

Miller, D., & Xu, X. (2020). CEO long-term orientation and elite university education. Strategic Organization, 18(4), 520–546. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127019840765

Morresi, O. (2017). How much is CEO education worth to a firm? Evidence from European firms. In PSL Quarterly Review (Vol. 70, Issue 282). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3100139

Mubarak, R. (2021). Pengantar Ekonometrika. Duta Media Publishing.

Munoz, P., & Cohen, B. D. (2017). Entrepreneurial Narratives in Sustainable Venturing: Beyond People, Profit and Planet. Journal of Small Business Management. 56(1), pp. 154-176. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2959960

Naatu, F., Nyarko, S. A., Munim, Z. H., & Alon, I. (2022). Crowd-out effect on consumers attitude towards corporate social responsibility communication. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121544

Nicholas, M. L. D., Desroziers, A., Caccioli, F., & Aste, T. (2024). ESG reputation risk matters: An event study based on social media data. Finance Research Letters, 59(104712).

Novia, S. T., & Meythi, M. (2022). Profitability: The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance Implementation. International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy, 2(38), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijite/30062022/7845

Okafor, A., Adusei, M., & Adeleye, B. N. (2021). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: Evidence from U.S tech firms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126078

Parengkuan, W. E., Lambey, L., & Mawikere, L. M. (2017). Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Melalui Pojok Bursa Feb-Unsrat Jurnal EMBA, 5(2), 564-571. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.5.2.2017.15726

Pascal, D., Mersland, R., & Mori, N. (2017). The influence of the CEO’s business education on the performance of hybrid organizations: the case of the global microfinance industry. Small Business Economics, 49(2), 339–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9824-8

Pfajfar, G., Shoham, A., Małecka, A., & Zalaznik, M. (2022). Value of corporate social responsibility for multiple stakeholders and social impact – Relationship marketing perspective. Journal of Business Research, 143, 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.051

Putri, M. R. S., Hermuningsih, S., & Wiyono, G. (2024). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Leverage, Ukuran Perusahaan, dan Pertumbuhan Aset Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan. Owner, 8(2), 1823–1838. https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v8i2.1997

Rahman, M. J., Zhu, H., & Chen, S. (2023). Does CSR reduce financial distress? Moderating effect of firm characteristics, auditor characteristics, and covid-19. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 31(5), 756–784.

Rahmawati, I., & Juliarto, A. (2024). Pengaruh Keberlanjutan Perusahaan terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan dengan Karakteristik CEO sebagai Variabel Moderasi (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Non Keuangan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2018-2021). Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 13(1), 1–15. http://ejournal-s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting

Ruggiero, P., & Cupertino, S. (2018). CSR strategic approach, financial resources and corporate social performance: The mediating effect of innovation. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103611

Saidu, S. (2019). CEO characteristics and firm performance: focus on origin, education and ownership. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-019-0153-7

Saleh, M. W. A., Shurafa, R., Shukeri, S. N., Nour, A. I., & Maigosh, Z. S. (2020). The effect of board multiple directorships and CEO characteristics on firm performance: evidence from Palestine. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 10(4), 637–654. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAEE-12-2019-0231

Shania Novia, T., & Meythi, M. (2022). Profitability: The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance Implementation. International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy, 2(38). https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijite/30062022/7845

Susanto, A., & Fiona, F. (2022). Tata Kelola Perusahaan Memoderasi Hubungan Corporate Social Responsibility dan Kinerja Keuangan. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 32(10), 2944. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2022.v32.i10.p04

Talunohi, D., & Bertuah, E. (2022). PROFITABILITY AS THE MAIN DETERMINING FACTOR OF THE FIRM VALUE. Berkala Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Indonesia, 7(1), 48–63. https://doi.org/10.20473/baki.v7i1.29961

Tiffany, T., & Sufiyati, S. (2023). The Analysis of Factors Affecting Profitability. International Journal of Application on Economics and Business, 1(1), 603–612. https://doi.org/10.24912/ijaeb.v1i1.603-612

Tran, M. D., & Adomako, S. (2021). How CEO social capital drives corporate social performance: The roles of stakeholders, and CEO tenure. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 28(2), 819–830. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2092

Wang, G., Holmes, R. M., Oh, I. S., & Zhu, W. (2016). Do CEOs Matter to Firm Strategic Actions and Firm Performance? A Meta-Analytic Investigation Based on Upper Echelons Theory. Personnel Psychology, 69(4), 775–862. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12140

Wardhani, W. K., Titisari, K. H., & Suhendro. (2021). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Struktur Modal, Ukuran Perusahaan, dan Good Corporate Governance terhadap Nilai Perusahaan. Ekonomis: Journal of Economics and Business, 5(1), 37–45.

Wicaksono, D. A., Hariyanto, E., Santoso, S. B., & Dirgantari, N. (2024). Factors Affecting Financial Performance in Non-Cyclicals Consumer Sector Companies. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Digital, 3(1), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.55927/ministal.v3i1.7753

Yoon, B., & Chung, Y. (2018). The effects of corporate social responsibility on firm performance: A stakeholder approach. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 37, 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.10.005

Zaidi, N., Ali, A. M., & Sadraoui, T. (2021). CEO Financial Education and Bank Performance. In Article in Journal of Entrepreneurship Education (Vol. 13). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349646135

Downloads

Published

31-10-2025

How to Cite

Gusti Ayu Agung, M. M., & Komang Ayu, K. (2025). The effect of CSR performance on profitability with CEO’s education and tenure as moderators. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 35(10). Retrieved from https://ejournal1.unud.ac.id/index.php/akuntansi/article/view/2094

Issue

Section

Articles